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Country Profile

(Country Profile of Uzbekistan)<br><br>1) Introduction (geography, people, government, history, economy)<br>2) Security Threats (traditional non-traditional)<br>3) Conclusion

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Country Profile

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  1. Country Profile: Uzbekistan By: Nadir Ali NahlIshtiaq UswaKhan Haider Hanif

  2. Outline • Introduction (geography, people, government, history, economy) • Security Threats (traditional + non-traditional) • Conclusion

  3. UZBEKISTAN ON WORLD MAP

  4. REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN(O’zbekiston Republikasi in Uzbek)Short Form: Uzbekistan (O’zbekiston) State Emblem: National Flag:

  5. Historic Figures • Avicenna. • Al-Biruni. • Al-Khawarezmi. • Babur. • Timur (Uzbeks declare him the progenitor of the Uzbek nation).

  6. GEOGRAPHY • Location: Central Asia, at the centre of it. • Land boundaries: (i) Kazakhstan (2330 km). (ii) Turkmenistan (1793 km). (iii) Kyrgyzstan (1314 km). (iv) Tajikistan (1312 km). (v) Afghanistan (144 km). • Coastline: 0 km – double landlocked. (Note: Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline)

  7. Land use: (i) Agricultural land: 62.6% (ii) Arable land: 10.1% (iii) Permanent crops: 0.8% (iv) Permanent pasture: 51.7% (v) Forest: 7.7% (vi) Other: 29.7%

  8. Natural resources: (i) Natural gas (ii) Petroleum (iii) Coal (iv) Gold (v) Uranium (vi) Silver (vii) Copper, lead and zinc (viii) Tungsten (ix) Molybdenum

  9. Climate: Long, hot summers; Mild winters. • Population distribution: Most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the eastern most arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated.

  10. PEOPLE AND SOCIETY • Population: 30 - 33 Million (July 2021 est.). • Nationality: Uzbekistani (noun + adjective). • Religions: (i) Muslim – mostly Sunni Hannafi School. (ii) Eastern Orthodox. (iii) Other – Unaffiliated, Buddhist, Hindus.

  11. GRAPH: RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION

  12. Ethnic Groups: (i) Uzbek (83.8%), (ii) Tajik (4.8%), (iii) Kazakh (2.5%), (iv) Russian (2.3%), (v) Karakalpak(2.2%), (vi)Tatar (1.5%), (vii) Other (2.9%). (According to 2017 estimates)

  13. CHART: ETHNIC COMPOSITION

  14. Languages: (i) Uzbek - official (74.3%) (ii) Russian (14.2%) (iii) Tajik (4.4%) (iv) Other (7.1%) (Note: in the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status)

  15. Urbanization (i) Urban Population: 50.4% of total population (according to 2020 est.) (ii) Rate of Urbanization: 1.28% annual rate of change (according to 2015-20 est.)

  16. CHART: URBAN-RURAL

  17. GOVERNMENT • Government type: Electoral Autocracy • Type of Governance: Soviet-style centralized • Constitution: Secular; latest adopted 8 December 1992 • Administrative divisions: There are 12 provinces and 1 autonomous state of Karakalpakstan. • Socio-economic status: Low-income • Type of Economy: Centralized but slowly transitioning to Free Market since 2016

  18. HISTORY • What today encompasses a unitary Uzbekistan, once encompassed three rival khanates: Bukharo, Khiva, Qoqan. • In the late 19th century, Russia conquered these one time each (Bukhara – 1868; Khiva – 1873; Kokand – 1876) and made them part of its Turkistan province. • In 1924 (during the Bolshevik revolution), these central asian states as are known today were delineated along ethnic lines and made republics.

  19. INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS • Ethnic tensions (like between Uzbeks-Kazakhs; Uzbek-Kyrgyz) are rampant which culminate in border disputes every now and then and are a result of artificial drawing of borders by the Soviets. • E.g:2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots (ethnic Uzbeks are subject to racism/violence in Krygyztan which often ends in border dispute with Uzbekistan militarily intervening) • The kyrygz-Uzbek tensions go back to soviet time ethnogenesis: Uzbek: Sedantry; Kyrygyz: Nomadic.

  20. RACIAL HISTORY • As a matter of race, all central asians are a combination of Euro, Mongol, and Iranian races — with Uzbeks being a combination of Turk and Iranian. (Source: Inside Central Asia by DilipHiro)

  21. RISE OF POLITICAL ISLAM • Three major events contributed: • Rise of Islam in the neighbor Iran • Fall of communist government in Afghan + Soviet intervention • U.S/KSA/Egypt/Kuwait/Qatar propagation of political Islam to fight the Soviets (in not only Afghan but central asian republics)

  22. ECONOMY • Since its independence in September 1991, the government has largely maintained its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production, prices, and access to foreign currency. • Uzbekistan's growth has been driven primarily by state-led investments, and export of natural gas, gold, and cotton provides a significant share of foreign exchange earnings.

  23. Exports – partners: Switzerland (19%), United Kingdom (17%), Russia (15%), China (14%), Kazakhstan (9%), Turkey (8%), Kyrgyzstan (5%) • Exports – commodities: Gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (According to 2019 est.)

  24. Imports – partners: China (23%), Russia (18%), South Korea (11%), Kazakhstan (9%), Turkey (6%), Germany (5%) • Imports – commodities: Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, aircraft, construction vehicles (according to 2019 est.)

  25. SECURITY THREATS • Non-traditional Security Threats (arising from non-military sources) • Traditional Security Threats (arising from military sources)

  26. NON-TRADITIONAL THREATS

  27. CLIMATE CHANGE • What is Climate Change? “Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates.” (Source: Global Climate Change- NASA)

  28. Climate change intensifies: • The desertification process • Decreases water resources, leading to gradual ecosystem degradation. Reduced biodiversity Frequency of natural disasters Water ecosystems

  29. WATER SCARCITY • Water scarcity can be defined as a lack of sufficient water, or not having access to safe water supplies • Primary factors include: • Shrinking of the Aral Sea • Result of drought • Rapid population growth

  30. SHRINKING OF ARAL SEA • Uzbekistan is a double landlocked and semi-arid country. • Uzbekistan’s economy continues to rely heavily on cotton, which is a very water intensive crop. • Excessive irrigation of Uzbekistan’s cotton fields - deserts Significant consumption of water by respective states Climate change

  31. SATELLITE VIEW

  32. DROUGHT • Devastated agriculture - the main sector of the local economy • As up to 80 percent of the foodstuffs required for the country's population are produced by the agrarian sector, reductions in productivity could threaten the food security of the country • Last year drought devastated around 300,000 hectares of crops in the region, directly affecting the livelihood of about 50,000 families 

  33. POPULATION

  34. According to official statistics, Population has increased four-fold to 25 million over the last hundred years. • The population is currently growing by about 500,000 a year, requiring enormous amounts of land to be turned over to agriculture, exhausting water supplies and draining the Aral Sea. • More population means more resources to sustain.

  35. INFECTIOUS DISEASES • Water-transmitted diseases • A spatial temporal analysis in the province revealed that the province is vulnerable to four major water-borne diseases: • Enterobiasis - parasitic infestation • Hepatitis A • Acute intestinal infection • Dysentery

  36. STATISTICS • The incidence rates for enterobiasis were found to be highest, with a four-year (2011–2014) average of about 1084 cases per 100,000 population. • The lowest were for dysentery, with an average of 28 cases per 100,000 population.

  37. PIECHART

  38. RECOMMENDATIONS Potential adaptation measures include: • The implementation of an integrated water resources management system, • Water saving, • The improvement of irrigation-drainage systems, • The introduction of drought-resistant plant species, • And monitoring for potential natural hazards.

  39. TRADITIONAL THREATS • The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 signaled a new phase in the history of each of the Central Asian republics. • The emergence of five independent states in 1991 opened up a fresh chapter in international relations.

  40. TRADITIONAL THREATS

  41. Terrorism

  42. Cont’d • Major threat to the Uzbekistan’s security comes from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). • IMU was established in the 1990s by radicalized Uzbekistanis with goal of overthrowing the secular government. • The group continued to create problems for the government through its activities.

  43. Cont’d • The group was involved in many terrorist attacks. • Military actions of the United States and Pakistan in Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan respectively, denied the safe heavens to IMU. • The group is yet to be defeated completely. It formed an alliance with the ISIS.

  44. The Afghan Issue • Another threat to the Uzbekistan’s security comes from the uncertain future of Afghanistan. • The Uzbek authorities see their country as a “front-line” state regarding the war in Afghanistan. • Uzbekistan share a 137 km-border with Afghanistan as a direct neighbor and many ethnic Uzbeks reside in Afghanistan.

  45. Cont’d • A peaceful and prosperous Afghanistan is in the interest of Uzbekistan. • In the past Uzbekistan supported the 6+3 proposal for the negotiations between Afghan Taliban and the Afghan government. • Uzbekistan supports Afghanistan financially and is even working for its development. • Post US withdrawal situation and a fear of spillover effect haunts the Uzbek decision makers.

  46. Cont’d • Uzbekistan has had contentious border talks with all the other Central Asian states. • About 40% of Kyrgyzstan’s 680-mile border with Uzbekistan remains to be demarcated. Presence of enclaves (such as Uzbekistan’s Shohimardon enclave in Kyrgyzstan) further add up into the problem. • Uzbekistan’s unilateral efforts to delineate and fortify its borders with Kazakhstan in the late 1990s led to tensions. In September 2002, however, the Kazakh and Uzbek presidents announced that delineation of their 1,400 mile border was complete.

  47. Cont’d • The Uzbek and Tajik presidents signed an accord in October 2002 delimiting most of their 720- mile joint border. Contention has continued over about 15-20% of the border. • Uzbekistan mined areas of its borders with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in 1999, intending to protect it against terrorist incursions, but in fact leading to many civilian Kyrgyz and Tajik casualties.

  48. Role of External Powers • Central Asia is a resource rich region which makes it attractive for the geo-political struggle. • Major powers always look for the opportunity to secure their interests. • The Russians are interested in the region based on history, The interests of the US and its Western allies are related to combating terrorism and getting a hold on the energy resources.

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