USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training

1. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 1 Introduction: Care of Sexual Assault Victims

2. 2

3. 3 Introduction Marines are our most precious assets Marine Corps policy indicates that all personnel shall treat victims with dignity and sensitivity Victims will be protected through fair, conscientious, and unbiased treatment as individuals Marines are our most precious assets. Sexual assault victims have at times been considered responsible for their predicament and are sometimes re-victimized by those in a position to assist. To eliminate these systemic problems, it is Marine Corps policy that all personnel shall treat these victims with dignity and sensitivity. They will be protected through fair, conscientious, and unbiased treatment as individuals. Marines are our most precious assets. Sexual assault victims have at times been considered responsible for their predicament and are sometimes re-victimized by those in a position to assist. To eliminate these systemic problems, it is Marine Corps policy that all personnel shall treat these victims with dignity and sensitivity. They will be protected through fair, conscientious, and unbiased treatment as individuals.

4. 4 Purpose of Uniformed Victim Advocates Provide information Provide guidance (referrals) Provide support Training Uniformed Victim Advocates provide information, guidance and support to victims of sexual assault primarily in a deployed environment. Uniformed Victim Advocates provide information, guidance and support to victims of sexual assault primarily in a deployed environment.

5. 5 Background High visibility issues! Academy sexual assaults reported in the media Denver Post articles with victim stories In theater rape issues Congressional attention DoD Response

6. 6 DoD Task Force Reviewed all sexual assault policies and programs among the services Recommended changes necessary to: Increase prevention Promote reporting Enhance the quality of support provided to victims (especially in combat theaters) Improve accountability for offender actions On 05 February 2004 Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfield directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, to undertake a 90-day review of all sexual assault policies and programs among the services and recommend changes necessary to increase prevention, promote reporting, enhance the quality and support provided to victims, especially in combat theaters, and improve accountability for offender actions. In response to the recommendations of the task force several directive-type memorandum were issued by the Under Secretary of Defense. One of the directives included the requirement to have “immediate response capability for each report of sexual assault in all locations, including deployed locations.” This requirement is met by Uniformed Victim Advocates, Marines trained in victim advocacy. Civilian or Marine & Family Services victim advocates provide advocate services on installations, they do not deploy.On 05 February 2004 Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfield directed the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, to undertake a 90-day review of all sexual assault policies and programs among the services and recommend changes necessary to increase prevention, promote reporting, enhance the quality and support provided to victims, especially in combat theaters, and improve accountability for offender actions. In response to the recommendations of the task force several directive-type memorandum were issued by the Under Secretary of Defense. One of the directives included the requirement to have “immediate response capability for each report of sexual assault in all locations, including deployed locations.” This requirement is met by Uniformed Victim Advocates, Marines trained in victim advocacy. Civilian or Marine & Family Services victim advocates provide advocate services on installations, they do not deploy.

7. 7 DoD Directive-Type Memos Response to Task Force recommendations “Response Capabilities” UVA is deployable vs. a civilian advocate One of the directives included the requirement to have “immediate response capability for each report of sexual assault in all locations, including deployed locations.” This requirement is met by Uniformed Victim Advocates, Marines trained in victim advocacy. Civilian or Marine and Family Services victim advocates provide advocate services on installations, they do not deploy.One of the directives included the requirement to have “immediate response capability for each report of sexual assault in all locations, including deployed locations.” This requirement is met by Uniformed Victim Advocates, Marines trained in victim advocacy. Civilian or Marine and Family Services victim advocates provide advocate services on installations, they do not deploy.

8. 8 Marine Corps Order 1752.5A Sexual assault is a criminal act Sexual assault impedes unit or member’s morale, effectiveness, efficiency and negatively impairs the ability of the Marine Corps to function smoothly Sexual assault will not be tolerated Reporting requirements

9. 9 Core Values Honor Courage Commitment

10. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 2 Types of Sexual Assault The vast majority of sexual assaults you will deal with as a Uniformed Victim Advocate are non-stranger sexual assaults. These assaults typically involve the use of alcohol and occur in the victim’s living area, and are also apt to happen in a deployed environment. We will look at the different types of sexual assault including non-stranger, stranger and gang rape, all of which are experienced by both men and women.The vast majority of sexual assaults you will deal with as a Uniformed Victim Advocate are non-stranger sexual assaults. These assaults typically involve the use of alcohol and occur in the victim’s living area, and are also apt to happen in a deployed environment. We will look at the different types of sexual assault including non-stranger, stranger and gang rape, all of which are experienced by both men and women.

11. 11 DoD Definition of Sexual Assault Sexual assault is a crime defined as intentional sexual contact, characterized by use of force, physical threat or abuse of authority or when the victim does not or cannot consent.

12. 12 Definitions Sexual assault includes rape, nonconsensual sodomy (oral or anal sex), indecent assault (unwanted, inappropriate contact or fondling), or attempts to commit these acts Sexual assault can occur without regard to gender, spousal relationship, or age of victim

13. 13 Consent “Consent” shall not be deemed or construed to mean the failure by the victim to offer physical resistance Consent is not given when a person uses force, threat of force, coercion or when the victim is asleep, incapacitated, or unconscious

14. 14 Sexual Harassment vs. Sexual Assault Sexual harassment is covered under Equal Opportunity Laws Sexual assault is covered under criminal laws (UCMJ)

15. 15 Sexual Assault Includes: Rape Sodomy Indecent Assault The attempt to commit these acts Rape Rape is defined as nonconsensual intercourse, regardless of the sex or age of the victim or perpetrator, and regardless of whether force was used. If a victim submitted to intercourse because of a perceived threat, it is considered rape. Sodomy Sodomy is a legal term used to describe nonconsensual oral sex or anal sex.Rape Rape is defined as nonconsensual intercourse, regardless of the sex or age of the victim or perpetrator, and regardless of whether force was used. If a victim submitted to intercourse because of a perceived threat, it is considered rape. Sodomy Sodomy is a legal term used to describe nonconsensual oral sex or anal sex.

16. 16 Myths and Facts There is a “right way” to respond in a sexual assault (fight or not fight) Women incite men to sexually assault them You can tell a sexual offender by the way they look Sexual offenders are strangers The way a woman dresses affects the likelihood they will be assaulted

17. 17 Times/CNN Poll 38% of the men and 37% of the women said that a raped woman is partly to blame if she dresses provocatively.

18. 18 What is she asking for?

19. 19 What about her?

20. 20 What is he asking for?

21. 21 Trivialization of sexual assault Influence of Unnamed conspirator on society

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24 When you go away to college: If your daughter had a one in four chance of being the victim of a violent robbery just because she went to college.

25. 25 Victim Profile Female Ages 18-24 Eager to belong Sensitive to peer pressure Isolated from friends and family Eager to prove themselves Previously victimized Anyone can be a victim of a sexual assault. Men, women, young and old have all been victimized, but the National Crime Victimization Survey suggests that the most at-risk group are females ages 18-24. Victims are young, impressionable, eager to belong, very sensitive to peer pressure, isolated from friends and family, eager to prove themselves and often previously victimized.Anyone can be a victim of a sexual assault. Men, women, young and old have all been victimized, but the National Crime Victimization Survey suggests that the most at-risk group are females ages 18-24. Victims are young, impressionable, eager to belong, very sensitive to peer pressure, isolated from friends and family, eager to prove themselves and often previously victimized.

26. 26 Offender Characteristics Male Age 21-29 Under the influence of alcohol No weapon-other than hands, fists, and feet Offender statements available in the student handbook. Offender statements available in the student handbook.

27. 27 Offender Types Angry Power Sadistic Undetected Each of these types will be discussed. Descriptions are provided in the student manual.Each of these types will be discussed. Descriptions are provided in the student manual.

28. 28 Angry Offenders Uses sexuality to discharge pent-up rage Assault is physically brutal More force is used than necessary to overpower victim Impulsive and spontaneous, rather than premeditated Angry - The perpetrator uses sexuality as a means of expressing and discharging feelings of pent-up anger and rage. The assault is characterized by physical brutality. Far more force is used in the commission of the offense than would be necessary if the intent were simply to overpower the victim and achieve sexual penetration. The victim is almost always beaten, usually severely. The perpetrator often approaches the victim by striking or beating them, tears off clothing, and uses profane and abusive language. The assault is often impulsive and spontaneous, rather than premeditated.Angry - The perpetrator uses sexuality as a means of expressing and discharging feelings of pent-up anger and rage. The assault is characterized by physical brutality. Far more force is used in the commission of the offense than would be necessary if the intent were simply to overpower the victim and achieve sexual penetration. The victim is almost always beaten, usually severely. The perpetrator often approaches the victim by striking or beating them, tears off clothing, and uses profane and abusive language. The assault is often impulsive and spontaneous, rather than premeditated.

29. 29 Power Offenders Seeks power and control over victim through intimidation by a weapon, physical force, or threat of bodily harm Physical aggression is used to overpower and subdue victim Victim may be tied up or held down by physical force The perpetrator seeks power and control over the victim through intimidation by means of a weapon, physical force, or threat of bodily harm. Physical aggression is used to overpower and subdue the victim. The perpetrator uses whatever force or threat is necessary to gain control over the victim and overcome resistance. The offender attempts to demonstrate conquest and mastery over the victim. The victim may be tied up, held down by physical force, or otherwise rendered helpless. The perpetrator seeks power and control over the victim through intimidation by means of a weapon, physical force, or threat of bodily harm. Physical aggression is used to overpower and subdue the victim. The perpetrator uses whatever force or threat is necessary to gain control over the victim and overcome resistance. The offender attempts to demonstrate conquest and mastery over the victim. The victim may be tied up, held down by physical force, or otherwise rendered helpless.

30. 30 Sadistic Offenders Anger and power are erotic stimulant for rapist Gets intense pleasure tormenting and watching victim suffer  Offender’s excitement is directly connected to pain that is inflicted Physical force (anger and power) become erotic stimulant for the perpetrator. Intense pleasure is taken in tormenting and watching the victim suffer. The offender is usually intensely excited; excitement is directly connected to the pain which they are inflicting upon the victim.Physical force (anger and power) become erotic stimulant for the perpetrator. Intense pleasure is taken in tormenting and watching the victim suffer. The offender is usually intensely excited; excitement is directly connected to the pain which they are inflicting upon the victim.

31. 31 Types of Rapist Caught Convicted Studied More is known about stranger assaults - they are more apt to be reported in comparison to non-stranger assault. Non-stranger assault is more prevalent but reported less. More is known about stranger assaults - they are more apt to be reported in comparison to non-stranger assault. Non-stranger assault is more prevalent but reported less.

32. 32 Undetected Rapists Increased sexual activity Attitudes and beliefs Motivation Sexually violent subculture Hyper-masculinity Developmental issues Increased sexual activity –They believe they are neither suc­cessful nor adequate if they are not very sexual. Attitudes and beliefs - They view women as sexual objects to be used for self-gratification. Motivation – They may harbor chronic, underlying feelings of anger and hostility towards women. They fear being controlled by a woman and thus, seek to control. Emotions - Are emotionally constricted and less able to identify their own emotions; therefore, they are less able to empathize with their victims. Sexually violent subculture – Are more likely to be a part of a group such as a gang or fraternity that shapes and reflects a view of women as conquests. The more conquests, the more manly he is viewed. Hypermasculinity - Behave in a rigid and stereotypically masculine manner. Any slight to their masculinity, such as a woman’s refusal to have sex, is reacted to with anger, aggression and behaviors to restore his self-perception. Developmental issues - Traditional views about offenders are that they harbor deep seated anger towards their mothers. However, anger and disappointment about their fathers appears to be more prevalent. Physical child abuse is also more common among offenders than in non-aggressive men.Increased sexual activity –They believe they are neither suc­cessful nor adequate if they are not very sexual. Attitudes and beliefs - They view women as sexual objects to be used for self-gratification. Motivation – They may harbor chronic, underlying feelings of anger and hostility towards women. They fear being controlled by a woman and thus, seek to control. Emotions - Are emotionally constricted and less able to identify their own emotions; therefore, they are less able to empathize with their victims. Sexually violent subculture – Are more likely to be a part of a group such as a gang or fraternity that shapes and reflects a view of women as conquests. The more conquests, the more manly he is viewed. Hypermasculinity - Behave in a rigid and stereotypically masculine manner. Any slight to their masculinity, such as a woman’s refusal to have sex, is reacted to with anger, aggression and behaviors to restore his self-perception. Developmental issues - Traditional views about offenders are that they harbor deep seated anger towards their mothers. However, anger and disappointment about their fathers appears to be more prevalent. Physical child abuse is also more common among offenders than in non-aggressive men.

33. 33 Undetected Rapist Does not use a gun, knife or other weapon Increases violence as needed to gain control Has access to consensual sex Is not mentally ill

34. 34 How Offenders Operate Non stranger sexual offenders motto: “I am going to have sex tonight. If it is consensual, fine. But I am going to have sex tonight.” Non stranger sexual offenders use instrumental vs gratuitous violence Violence used is not for the sake of violence; rather, it is to achieve a specific purpose and the level of violence will be commiserate to the accomplishment of the goal. Violence used is not for the sake of violence; rather, it is to achieve a specific purpose and the level of violence will be commiserate to the accomplishment of the goal.

35. 35 “Undetected” Rapist(David Lisak’s Research) Sample Question Asked of 1,882 Men: “Have you ever had sexual intercourse with an adult when they didn’t want to because you used physical force if they did not cooperate?”

36. 36 The “Frank” Tape Warning- may be difficult to watch/hear.Warning- may be difficult to watch/hear.

37. 37 Lisak Research Results Of the1,882 men assessed, 120 were rapist by definition None admitted to raping 483 total sexual assaults Only one case was reported Average of four sexual assaults per rapist

38. 38 Types of Sexual Assault Non-Stranger Stranger Group Rape Same Gender Alcohol and Drug Facilitated

39. 39 Non-Stranger Acquaintance - offender is a neighbor, co-worker, friend, date, etc. Marital sexual assault is committed by a spouse In all cases the offender is known to the victim. Acquaintance rape includes “date rape”, a term popularly used by the media but somehow deludes the significance of the assault. Common features of “date rape” include: Frequently occurs after only 2 – 5 encounters Associated with alcohol Preceded by some type of sexual activityIn all cases the offender is known to the victim. Acquaintance rape includes “date rape”, a term popularly used by the media but somehow deludes the significance of the assault. Common features of “date rape” include: Frequently occurs after only 2 – 5 encounters Associated with alcohol Preceded by some type of sexual activity

40. 40 Three Stages to Non-stranger Assault: Intrusion Desensitization Isolation Intrusion - The potential perpetrator continues to violate the potential victim’s personal space. There is unwanted touching and caressing. Desensitization - The potential victim ignores his or her “sixth sense” and dismisses feelings of discomfort. The potential victim often rationalizes the perpetrator’s behavior with self-talk such as “They just had too much to drink.” Or “They’re just the kind of person who touches a lot”. Isolation - The perpetrator looks for ways to get the victim alone by offering to drive home or to take a walk or to come in for coffee. Once the perpetrator is alone with the victim, then the assault occurs.Intrusion - The potential perpetrator continues to violate the potential victim’s personal space. There is unwanted touching and caressing. Desensitization - The potential victim ignores his or her “sixth sense” and dismisses feelings of discomfort. The potential victim often rationalizes the perpetrator’s behavior with self-talk such as “They just had too much to drink.” Or “They’re just the kind of person who touches a lot”. Isolation - The perpetrator looks for ways to get the victim alone by offering to drive home or to take a walk or to come in for coffee. Once the perpetrator is alone with the victim, then the assault occurs.

41. 41 Stranger Rape Sexual assault committed by someone victim doesn’t know A crime of opportunity More likely to be reported by victims Victims receive more support from authorities, family and friends Stranger - Contrary to popular belief, statistics show that stranger sexual assault occurs with substantially less frequency than non-stranger assaults. Stranger sexual assault is, as the name indicates, sexual assault or rape committed by someone the victim doesn’t know. Stranger assaults are most likely to be reported and victims tend to receive more support from authorities and family and friends.Stranger - Contrary to popular belief, statistics show that stranger sexual assault occurs with substantially less frequency than non-stranger assaults. Stranger sexual assault is, as the name indicates, sexual assault or rape committed by someone the victim doesn’t know. Stranger assaults are most likely to be reported and victims tend to receive more support from authorities and family and friends.

42. 42 Group Rape Group uses sex to demonstrate power and to validate its strength through group conquest Rape is a way for the group to interact, compete, and develop camaraderie Victim usually acquainted with at least one of attackers Victim’s age usually reflects age of perpetrators Gang Rape or Multiple Rapes - Gang rapists rape in the company of their peers. They reduce the victim to the low status of an object. Gang rapists seek confirmation of their own masculinity and express power and authority over another person, validating their superior position. The ages of gang rapists vary. They can be as young as 10 years old to mid 30’s. In true gang behavior, the first person to rape the helpless victim is typically the leader of the gang. The age of the victim usually reflects the age of the perpetrators. Neither sex nor injury is the motive in gang rape. The group uses sex to demonstrate power and to validate its strength through group conquest. This behavior has been studied extensively with fraternity gang rape situations. It is a way for the group to interact, compete, and develop camaraderie and cohesiveness which becomes very strong because of the secrecy of the crime amongst those involved. Breaking this secrecy would sever a bond most are not willing to break because they fear being removed or harassed out of the fraternity, group, or gang, which is their identity. The victim of a gang rape usually knows or has been acquainted with at least one member of the group. The victim may have been drinking or using drugs that made him/her more vulnerable. We see this type of crime in jail, fraternities, sports teams, the military, and other male dominated groups. Victims of “gang rapes” are more often male then female and men are likely to suffer injuries which require medical attention.Gang Rape or Multiple Rapes - Gang rapists rape in the company of their peers. They reduce the victim to the low status of an object. Gang rapists seek confirmation of their own masculinity and express power and authority over another person, validating their superior position. The ages of gang rapists vary. They can be as young as 10 years old to mid 30’s. In true gang behavior, the first person to rape the helpless victim is typically the leader of the gang. The age of the victim usually reflects the age of the perpetrators. Neither sex nor injury is the motive in gang rape. The group uses sex to demonstrate power and to validate its strength through group conquest. This behavior has been studied extensively with fraternity gang rape situations. It is a way for the group to interact, compete, and develop camaraderie and cohesiveness which becomes very strong because of the secrecy of the crime amongst those involved. Breaking this secrecy would sever a bond most are not willing to break because they fear being removed or harassed out of the fraternity, group, or gang, which is their identity. The victim of a gang rape usually knows or has been acquainted with at least one member of the group. The victim may have been drinking or using drugs that made him/her more vulnerable. We see this type of crime in jail, fraternities, sports teams, the military, and other male dominated groups. Victims of “gang rapes” are more often male then female and men are likely to suffer injuries which require medical attention.

43. 43 Same Gender:Male on male, female on female Power issues Victims viewed as gay or weak Weapons often used Multiple offenders common Significant injuries from foreign object use More force than needed

44. 44 Alcohol and Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault Alcohol Drugs Indicators Alcohol is not the cause of a sexual assault but frequently plays a role for both perpetrators and victims. Unfortunately, traumatic memory syndrome may be overlooked or dismissed due to alcohol use by the victim. Drug-facilitated sexual assault is believed to be increasing, particularly among young adults and adolescents who commonly attend parties and clubs. More than 20 drugs have been implicated, the most common of which are alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), benzodiazepines and gamma­hydroxybutyrate (GHB). These agents are more commonly detected in victims than the widely-publicized “date rape drug” flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and sedatives such as alprazolam and triazolam. Victims may report a variety of symptoms from the ingestion and any subsequent assault. Disassociation of mind and body, and residual muscle weakness are com­mon. Within six to eight hours of the episode, vital signs may be depressed. Urine testing may be positive for 96 hours after ingestion. The suspicion of drug-facilitated sexual assault should be conveyed to law enforcement and the forensic examiner. Other tests and interventions for sexual assault should be arranged as appropriate.Alcohol is not the cause of a sexual assault but frequently plays a role for both perpetrators and victims. Unfortunately, traumatic memory syndrome may be overlooked or dismissed due to alcohol use by the victim. Drug-facilitated sexual assault is believed to be increasing, particularly among young adults and adolescents who commonly attend parties and clubs. More than 20 drugs have been implicated, the most common of which are alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), benzodiazepines and gamma­hydroxybutyrate (GHB). These agents are more commonly detected in victims than the widely-publicized “date rape drug” flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and sedatives such as alprazolam and triazolam. Victims may report a variety of symptoms from the ingestion and any subsequent assault. Disassociation of mind and body, and residual muscle weakness are com­mon. Within six to eight hours of the episode, vital signs may be depressed. Urine testing may be positive for 96 hours after ingestion. The suspicion of drug-facilitated sexual assault should be conveyed to law enforcement and the forensic examiner. Other tests and interventions for sexual assault should be arranged as appropriate.

45. 45 Faulty Thinking Common to Rapist Justification - gives reasons to validate self Minimization - reducing true significance Externalizing Blame - finger pointing Victim Stance - pictures self as victim Power Play - uses authority to get their way Fake Anger - used to manipulate others Redefining - just playing around Excuse-making - “I was drunk”

46. 46 The Victim’s Perspective One of the most difficult things about understanding sexual assault is that some people see rape as bad sex. From the victim’s perspective, the act of sexual assault bears almost no resemblance to the act of sex. Victims experience sexual assault as a terrifying trauma where they often fear for their lives.

47. 47 Summary Type of assault is not relevant to how an advocate responds Understanding motives may help you to assist a victim’s struggle to understand

48. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 3 Prevalence of Sexual Assault and Barriers to Reporting

49. 49 Introduction You’re young You had a few drinks You were sexually assaulted You’re confused and frightened Now what do you do? You’re young. You had a few drinks. You were sexually assaulted. You’re confused and frightened. Now what do you do? Reporting the assault is most likely one of the last things on your mind. The reasons sexual assault victims choose not to report their assaults is as unique as they are. That’s one reason statistics for sexual as­saults are difficult to quantify. Law enforcement personnel indicate this is the most unreported violent crime. The Department of Defense and the United States Marine Corps are working diligently to make it easier for victims of the crime of sexual assault to seek assistance.You’re young. You had a few drinks. You were sexually assaulted. You’re confused and frightened. Now what do you do? Reporting the assault is most likely one of the last things on your mind. The reasons sexual assault victims choose not to report their assaults is as unique as they are. That’s one reason statistics for sexual as­saults are difficult to quantify. Law enforcement personnel indicate this is the most unreported violent crime. The Department of Defense and the United States Marine Corps are working diligently to make it easier for victims of the crime of sexual assault to seek assistance.

50. 50 Prevalence of Sexual Assault The National Crime Victimization Survey: Conducted annually by the Department of Justice Sexual assault included everything, including rape and attempted rape Rate was 110 assaults per 100,000 persons The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted annually by the Department of Justice. Using in-person and telephone interviews, information on reported and unreported crime is collected from a representative sample of approximately 40,000 households. All individuals in the household ages 12 and over are interviewed. In 2002, there were 240,730 sexual assault reports according to the NCVS report. The definition for rape in this study includes forced oral, anal or vaginal penetration by an offender. Sexual assault covers a wide range of victimizations distinct from rape or attempted rape that include completed or attempted attacks involving unwanted sexual contact. The rate of all types of sexual assault (rape, attempted rape, and sexual assault) was 110 per 100,000 persons.The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted annually by the Department of Justice. Using in-person and telephone interviews, information on reported and unreported crime is collected from a representative sample of approximately 40,000 households. All individuals in the household ages 12 and over are interviewed. In 2002, there were 240,730 sexual assault reports according to the NCVS report. The definition for rape in this study includes forced oral, anal or vaginal penetration by an offender. Sexual assault covers a wide range of victimizations distinct from rape or attempted rape that include completed or attempted attacks involving unwanted sexual contact. The rate of all types of sexual assault (rape, attempted rape, and sexual assault) was 110 per 100,000 persons.

51. 51 Sexual Assault in Society Wisconsin Teen Survey— 18 % said if a guy buys a girl dinner, he has the right to have sex with her 42% believe if a girl or guy have been drinking & are a little drunk, it isn’t sexual assault if he forces her to have sex 44% believe if there was prior consensual sex, it is not assault if he forces her later 48% said that if a female consented and then later changed her mind and he had sex with her anyway, it wasn’t assault Boston High School Student Survey— 7% of males ok to force female to have sex on a date 11% ok if girl was drunk 15% ok to use force if girl consented and then changed mind

52. 52 Rhode Island Studyof School Children (1,700 6th to 9th grade students) 65% of boys and 47% of girls said it is acceptable to force a woman to have sex if the couple has been dating for more than six months.

53. 53 Rhode Island Studyof School Children (1,700 6th to 9th grade students) 70% of boys and 53% of girls said that a man has a right to sexual intercourse against the woman’s will if they have had intercourse before.

54. 54 American Medical Association: Most rapidly growing violent crime in America claiming a victim every 45 seconds Estimates indicate that 5% of reported sexual assaults are male victims 33% to 46% of women who are being physically assaulted are also being sexually assaulted by their husbands 73% of assailants and 55% of victims used drugs, alcohol, or both immediately before an assault According to the AMA, sexual assault continues to represent the most rapidly growing violent crime in America, claiming a victim every 45 seconds. Because many of these attacks occurring daily go unreported and unrecognized, sexual assault can be considered a “silent-violent epidemic” in the United States today. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that male victims represent about five percent of reported sexual assaults. The AMA’s web site (http://www.ama-assn.org/) reports the majority of sexual as­sault victims are young. A 1991 report stated that 32% of sexual assaults by acquain­tances occur when the victim is between the ages of 11 and 17. Women with a history of rape or attempted rape during adolescence are almost twice as likely to experience a sexual assault during college, and were three times as likely to be victimized by a husband. Sexual assaults can and do occur within marital relationships. Most often, these assaults occur within a context of ongoing domestic violence. While reports and prosecutions of spousal rape are fairly infrequent, some convictions have occurred. Sexual assault is reported by 33% to 46% of women who are being physically as­saulted by their husbands. The use of alcohol and drugs also contributes to the risk of sexual assault. A study of sexual assaults among college students found that 73% of the assailants and 55% of the victims had used drugs, alcohol, or both immediately before the assault. “Sexual assault is a ‘silent-violent epidemic’ growing at an alarming rate and trauma­tizing the women and children of our nation,” said Lonnie Bristow, M.D., AMA presi­dent. “This crime is shrouded in silence, caused by unfair social myths and biases that incriminate victims rather than offenders. These myths push victims into the shadows, afraid to step forward and seek help from their physicians.”According to the AMA, sexual assault continues to represent the most rapidly growing violent crime in America, claiming a victim every 45 seconds. Because many of these attacks occurring daily go unreported and unrecognized, sexual assault can be considered a “silent-violent epidemic” in the United States today. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that male victims represent about five percent of reported sexual assaults. The AMA’s web site (http://www.ama-assn.org/) reports the majority of sexual as­sault victims are young. A 1991 report stated that 32% of sexual assaults by acquain­tances occur when the victim is between the ages of 11 and 17. Women with a history of rape or attempted rape during adolescence are almost twice as likely to experience a sexual assault during college, and were three times as likely to be victimized by a husband. Sexual assaults can and do occur within marital relationships. Most often, these assaults occur within a context of ongoing domestic violence. While reports and prosecutions of spousal rape are fairly infrequent, some convictions have occurred. Sexual assault is reported by 33% to 46% of women who are being physically as­saulted by their husbands. The use of alcohol and drugs also contributes to the risk of sexual assault. A study of sexual assaults among college students found that 73% of the assailants and 55% of the victims had used drugs, alcohol, or both immediately before the assault. “Sexual assault is a ‘silent-violent epidemic’ growing at an alarming rate and trauma­tizing the women and children of our nation,” said Lonnie Bristow, M.D., AMA presi­dent. “This crime is shrouded in silence, caused by unfair social myths and biases that incriminate victims rather than offenders. These myths push victims into the shadows, afraid to step forward and seek help from their physicians.”

55. 55 Armed Forces Sexual Harassment Survey (2007): Sexual assault included both attempted and completed sexual assault 3% of females and 1% of males reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault in the prior 12 months The Armed Forces Sexual Harassment Survey (2002) provides preliminary informa­tion on the prevalence of sexual assault among military personnel. Active duty respondents were asked if they experienced at least one incident of sexual assault involving military personnel, civilian employees or contractors in the prior 12 months. Sexual assault included both attempted and completed sexual assault. Attempted sexual assault was defined as “attempted to have sex with you without your consent or against your will, but was unsuccessful”. Sexual assault was defined as “had sex with you without your consent or against your will.” Across DoD, 3% of females and 1% of males reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault in the prior 12 months.The Armed Forces Sexual Harassment Survey (2002) provides preliminary informa­tion on the prevalence of sexual assault among military personnel. Active duty respondents were asked if they experienced at least one incident of sexual assault involving military personnel, civilian employees or contractors in the prior 12 months. Sexual assault included both attempted and completed sexual assault. Attempted sexual assault was defined as “attempted to have sex with you without your consent or against your will, but was unsuccessful”. Sexual assault was defined as “had sex with you without your consent or against your will.” Across DoD, 3% of females and 1% of males reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault in the prior 12 months.

56. 56 DoD Care for Victims of Sexual Assault Task Force Sexual assault included rape, forcible sodomy, indecent assault, and any attempts of these offenses 2,688 victims in 2007 Translates to prevalence rates of 69.1 and 70 alleged sexual assaults per 100,000 active duty members

57. 57 NCIS Data for the Marine Corps:

58. 58 # in yellow represents incidents in “Draft” status.# in yellow represents incidents in “Draft” status.

59. 59

60. 60 SAIRD Data for MCB CAMP PENDLETON

61. 61 Inconsistent Victim Statements Many victims will provide inconsistent or untrue information but should NOT be confused with a making a false allegation May be a result of: Trauma memory syndrome or disorganization Discomfort relaying sexual details Fear of being doubted or blamed An attempt to make the assault sound more like the stereotypic “real rape” Examples of such omissions are included in the student manual.Examples of such omissions are included in the student manual.

62. 62 Unfounded/Unsubstantiated vs. False Allegation Unfounded/Unsubstantiated: Not enough evidence to suggest that a crime occurred False Allegation: A deliberate lie, subject to punishment There is also often pressure to “make it go away” and stop causing problems. This needs to be kept on mind when/if a victim recants. Recanting does not necessarily mean the victim lied.There is also often pressure to “make it go away” and stop causing problems. This needs to be kept on mind when/if a victim recants. Recanting does not necessarily mean the victim lied.

63. 63 False Without Deceit Definition for false allegations is imprecise Several definitions required that it be a deliberate lie But a false allegation of sexual assault could be reported without deceit, but rather due to mental illness or simple mistake (i.e., the individual believes that they were sexually assaulted when they were not) In traditional sexual assault prevention and response training, false allegations are the “elephant in the living room." Consider the following scenario: Instructors provide training on how to appropriate respond to sexual assault victims, while participants listen attentively and take notes on topics like victim sensitivity, rape trauma syndrome and evidence collection. All the while, everyone in the room shares the view that the training material is only applies to the “real” cases. Trainings have not challenge participants or even instructors to examine their underlying categorization of cases into those that are “real” versus something else – cases that are murky, ambiguous, or just plain false. In traditional sexual assault prevention and response training, false allegations are the “elephant in the living room." Consider the following scenario: Instructors provide training on how to appropriate respond to sexual assault victims, while participants listen attentively and take notes on topics like victim sensitivity, rape trauma syndrome and evidence collection. All the while, everyone in the room shares the view that the training material is only applies to the “real” cases. Trainings have not challenge participants or even instructors to examine their underlying categorization of cases into those that are “real” versus something else – cases that are murky, ambiguous, or just plain false.

64. 64 Recantation Recantation is a common reaction where a victim denies the original report of abuse that was made due to: Fear of retribution Fear of not being believed or being stigmatized The desire to not re-experience the trauma Pressured from those in a position of authority who may want the problem to “go away” Pressure from those who may have in interest in protecting the perpetrator

65. 65 Barriers to Reporting Embarrassment due to underage drinking Not sure what happened due to effects of alcohol Fear of the legal process Doesn’t want alleged offender to get harsh punishment

66. 66 Barriers to Reporting Lack of trust in the system Investigation takes too long It takes months for lab results Female Marines need to be seen as equal, not weak or lesser

67. 67 E1-E4 Male Marines Fear of exposure Lower ranks are afraid of being taken advantage of Embarrassment Blame the victim Having to retell and relive the event Blame themselves Fear of additional punishment for other violations

68. 68 E1-E4 Female Marines Fear of reprisal if the alleged offender is of higher rank Victim blaming Lack of privacy Would be seen as “just a ho” Would not be believed Does not trust chain of command Fear of rumor mill More likely to report what happen if the perception were something would happen

69. 69 Summary Statistic and trends are difficult to track Lack of reporting contributes to lack of data or more research Education and awareness may increase the amount of reports received Sexual assault statistics and trends are difficult to track as surveys use differing definition for the crime. Additionally, sexual assault victims choose not to report both within civilian and military communities for a variety of reasons. Education and sense­tive response to victims of sexual assault may improve reporting levels in the future.Sexual assault statistics and trends are difficult to track as surveys use differing definition for the crime. Additionally, sexual assault victims choose not to report both within civilian and military communities for a variety of reasons. Education and sense­tive response to victims of sexual assault may improve reporting levels in the future.

70. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 4 Sexual Assault Trauma Syndrome

71. 71 Daily Life

72. 72 911 Tape May be difficult for some people to hear.

73. 73 Initial physical reactions to crisis: Adrenaline pumps Heart rate increases Hyperventilation Sweating Senses focused Adrenaline begins to pump through the body. The body may relieve itself of excess materials through regurgitation, defeca­tion, or urination in order to facilitate fight or flight. The heart rate increases. Hyperventilation and sweating may begin. The body increases its attention to sensory perceptions. In the initial reaction, attention will often be focused on one sense, sometimes to the exclusion of others. Visual sensations are normally most acute in human beings, but it is important to recognize that all senses are involved. While sights or sounds may leave indelible memories so may touch, smell or taste.Adrenaline begins to pump through the body. The body may relieve itself of excess materials through regurgitation, defeca­tion, or urination in order to facilitate fight or flight. The heart rate increases. Hyperventilation and sweating may begin. The body increases its attention to sensory perceptions. In the initial reaction, attention will often be focused on one sense, sometimes to the exclusion of others. Visual sensations are normally most acute in human beings, but it is important to recognize that all senses are involved. While sights or sounds may leave indelible memories so may touch, smell or taste.

74. 74 Initial cognitive/emotional reactions include: Shock, disbelief, and denial Regression Cataclysm of emotions

75. 75 Typical order of emotional reactions to trauma: Fear and terror Anger, fury, and outrage Confusion and frustration Guilt or self-blame Shame or humiliation Grief or sorrow Fear and terror - Fear seems to be a primal reaction. Fear may be inspired by the loss of autonomy, the ability to control impulses and to address situations through planning. When faced with a fight or flight situation, instinct warns they lack the power to fight and so fear becomes the reason for fleeing. Fear becomes terror when victims internalize the knowledge that they, their loved ones, or their communities may not survive a threatening situation. Anger, fury, and outrage – Anger comes from the need to respond aggressively to a threat through the “fight” reaction. Everyday anger at frustrating events does not begin to describe some victims’ reactions to a traumatic event. Often, traumatic anger is directed at an offender or a person held responsible for a tragic event, although it may be displaced onto God, family members, or social institutions, or turned inward towards oneself. Traumatic anger also may result in overgeneralization in the definition of its target. Instead of focusing anger on the offender who happens to be Cauca­sian, the anger is focused on all Caucasians. Anger may be associated with the desire for vengeance. Revenge is a type anger directed at an individual or class of individuals. It is a common response, but for many, the desire for revenge may subside even though overwhelming rage remains directed at the situation. Anger may also be associated with hatred, which has been called “calcified anger.” It leaves people feeling empty, bitter, morally in conflict, and painfully dissonant with normal feelings of humanity. Confusion and frustration - Confusion stems from the victims’ initially narrow perspective on what happened. Victims often remember only scattered impressions of a traumatic event. Many of these impressions may be sensory perceptions or sporadic feelings about what happened, but they do not form a complete posture of what happened. The confusion becomes frustration when victims think they should remember or could remember if they only tried. As they attempt to piece together a picture of the event, the confusion may be compounded as they try to understand why it happened. Guilt or self-blame - Guilt or self-blame are cognitive emotions that arise from the effort to sort out confusion. They often are characterized by two aspects. The first can be called “cognitive” guilt, which may be legitimate or illegiti­mate. Legitimate cognitive guilt focuses on the could've, would've or should've of the victims’ or survivors’ actions before, during, or immediately after the event. They involve actions that might have been taken but were not. Self-blame based on an erroneous reconstruction of facts is “illegitimate,” as it is when there are no reason/facts to attribute guilt to the victim. Shame or humiliation - Shame seems to be associated with guilt or self-blame but it reflects the internalization that victims are responsible for the event as well as that they are somehow inherently more vulnerable to such tragedies. Grief or sorrow - Grief may be the most intense long-term emotional reaction to a traumatic loss.Fear and terror - Fear seems to be a primal reaction. Fear may be inspired by the loss of autonomy, the ability to control impulses and to address situations through planning. When faced with a fight or flight situation, instinct warns they lack the power to fight and so fear becomes the reason for fleeing. Fear becomes terror when victims internalize the knowledge that they, their loved ones, or their communities may not survive a threatening situation. Anger, fury, and outrage – Anger comes from the need to respond aggressively to a threat through the “fight” reaction. Everyday anger at frustrating events does not begin to describe some victims’ reactions to a traumatic event. Often, traumatic anger is directed at an offender or a person held responsible for a tragic event, although it may be displaced onto God, family members, or social institutions, or turned inward towards oneself. Traumatic anger also may result in overgeneralization in the definition of its target. Instead of focusing anger on the offender who happens to be Cauca­sian, the anger is focused on all Caucasians. Anger may be associated with the desire for vengeance. Revenge is a type anger directed at an individual or class of individuals. It is a common response, but for many, the desire for revenge may subside even though overwhelming rage remains directed at the situation. Anger may also be associated with hatred, which has been called “calcified anger.” It leaves people feeling empty, bitter, morally in conflict, and painfully dissonant with normal feelings of humanity. Confusion and frustration - Confusion stems from the victims’ initially narrow perspective on what happened. Victims often remember only scattered impressions of a traumatic event. Many of these impressions may be sensory perceptions or sporadic feelings about what happened, but they do not form a complete posture of what happened. The confusion becomes frustration when victims think they should remember or could remember if they only tried. As they attempt to piece together a picture of the event, the confusion may be compounded as they try to understand why it happened. Guilt or self-blame - Guilt or self-blame are cognitive emotions that arise from the effort to sort out confusion. They often are characterized by two aspects. The first can be called “cognitive” guilt, which may be legitimate or illegiti­mate. Legitimate cognitive guilt focuses on the could've, would've or should've of the victims’ or survivors’ actions before, during, or immediately after the event. They involve actions that might have been taken but were not. Self-blame based on an erroneous reconstruction of facts is “illegitimate,” as it is when there are no reason/facts to attribute guilt to the victim. Shame or humiliation - Shame seems to be associated with guilt or self-blame but it reflects the internalization that victims are responsible for the event as well as that they are somehow inherently more vulnerable to such tragedies. Grief or sorrow - Grief may be the most intense long-term emotional reaction to a traumatic loss.

76. 76 Sexual Assault Trauma Syndrome Although every survivor you encounter will be unique, many will have experienced profound fear during the attack and will have similar reactions afterwards. In sexual assault survivors, the post- assault reactions of the victim are referred to as Rape Trauma Syndrome. Although every survivor you encounter will be unique, many will have experienced profound fear during the attack and will have similar reactions afterwards. In sexual assault survivors, the post- assault reactions of the victim are referred to as Rape Trauma Syndrome.

77. 77 Stage 1: Acute/Impact Reaction Occurs immediately and several days after the assault Anger is common and may surface in a variety of ways May have somatic (physical) reactions to include pain May have emotional reactions to include confusion, shock, fear, and guilt Stage 1: Acute/Impact Reaction Immediately and several days after the rape Ways of showing anger Expressed style - fear, crying, smiling, restlessness, tenseness Controlled style - feelings hidden by calm, composed attitude Somatic reactions Physical: soreness from physical attack Skeletal muscle tension: inability to sleep, edgy, or jumpy Gastrointestinal irritability: Stomach pains, appetite affected, nausea Genital disturbances: vaginal discharge, and itchy, burning sensation on urination, chronic vaginal infections, rectal bleeding/pain Emotional Reactions Fear Shock, disbelief Agitation/anger Shame/self-blame Confusion/bewilderment Extreme sense of guilt Stage 1: Acute/Impact Reaction Immediately and several days after the rape Ways of showing anger Expressed style - fear, crying, smiling, restlessness, tenseness Controlled style - feelings hidden by calm, composed attitude Somatic reactions Physical: soreness from physical attack Skeletal muscle tension: inability to sleep, edgy, or jumpy Gastrointestinal irritability: Stomach pains, appetite affected, nausea Genital disturbances: vaginal discharge, and itchy, burning sensation on urination, chronic vaginal infections, rectal bleeding/pain Emotional Reactions Fear Shock, disbelief Agitation/anger Shame/self-blame Confusion/bewilderment Extreme sense of guilt

78. 78 Stage 2: Outward Adjustment Phase Lasts from weeks to months Emotional reactions May include intense fear, anxiety, denial Physical signs May include itching or burning during urination, tension headaches, nausea Stage 2: Outward Adjustment Phase Lasts from weeks to months Emotional reactions Intense fear Anxiety Denial Lost sense of security Physical signs Burning sensation when urinating and itching or burning discharge from vagina Tension headaches Nausea, caused by anti-pregnancy and/or anti-venereal medicine Stage 2: Outward Adjustment Phase Lasts from weeks to months Emotional reactions Intense fear Anxiety Denial Lost sense of security Physical signs Burning sensation when urinating and itching or burning discharge from vagina Tension headaches Nausea, caused by anti-pregnancy and/or anti-venereal medicine

79. 79 Stage 3: Depressed Phase Lasts days to months Victim’s emotions may include: Sense of having lost control Self-esteem plummets Obsessive memories Lasts days to months Victim's emotions Loss of self-esteem as defenses break down Obsessive memories Uncertain about being able to control life, and environmentLasts days to months Victim's emotions Loss of self-esteem as defenses break down Obsessive memories Uncertain about being able to control life, and environment

80. 80 Stage 4: Integration and Resolution Phase Lasts months to years Emotions may include: Lack of trust in future partners Depression Anxiety Lasts months to years Emotions Lack of trust in men or partners Anxious and depressed when something reminds the victim of the rape Lasts months to years Emotions Lack of trust in men or partners Anxious and depressed when something reminds the victim of the rape

81. 81 Combat Stress Constant awareness of and contact with dangers faced, like improvised explosive devices and ambushes, can take an enormous toll not only on a Marine's body, but on his/her mind as well. It is recognized that the constant awareness of and contact with dangers faced, like improvised explosive devices and ambushes, can take an enormous toll not only on a Marine's body, but on his/her mind as well. Some of the common reactions following combat are:It is recognized that the constant awareness of and contact with dangers faced, like improvised explosive devices and ambushes, can take an enormous toll not only on a Marine's body, but on his/her mind as well. Some of the common reactions following combat are:

82. 82 Emotional Initial euphoria, relief Guilt, shame Anxiety, worry, fear Feeling of helplessness Inadequacy Overwhelmed Vulnerability Frustration

83. 83 Physical Vague body complaints Fatigue Sleep disturbances Pounding heart Sweating Trouble catching breath Chest pain Lower back pain

84. 84 Mental Poor concentration Mental confusion Forgetfulness Memory loss Over-generalization Inability to make decisions Poor judgment

85. 85 Behavioral Jumpiness Hyperactivity Workaholic Reckless behavior Accident proneness Carelessness in tasks Outbursts of anger Some of the reactions above are very similar to the behaviors and emotional responses associated with Rape Trauma Syndrome. For a sexual assault victim it may be difficult to sort out what is a reaction to the assault and what is a reaction to being in a combat area. Uniform Victim Advocates need to be aware of this overlap and be able to explain this possibility to a victim. Although there is an obvious need for a victim to seek help if they are struggling with the reactions list above it is often difficult to break down the stigma associated with seeking help from mental health providers.Some of the reactions above are very similar to the behaviors and emotional responses associated with Rape Trauma Syndrome. For a sexual assault victim it may be difficult to sort out what is a reaction to the assault and what is a reaction to being in a combat area. Uniform Victim Advocates need to be aware of this overlap and be able to explain this possibility to a victim. Although there is an obvious need for a victim to seek help if they are struggling with the reactions list above it is often difficult to break down the stigma associated with seeking help from mental health providers.

86. 86 Male Sexual Assault Victims Same concerns as a female victim Fear of being viewed as homosexual Compounded if victim has an erection and ejaculates Not as likely to report as females Significant injuries often go untreated More willing to talk to female advocates Male Victims- Male victims of sexual assault experience the same reactions as female victims, although there are a few additional ones that are specific to male victims. Nicholas Groth states in his book Men Who Rape, the two major aspects of manhood are strength and sexuality. When a man has been assaulted he has lost both. Being sexually assaulted for anyone is humiliating, but for a man it also carries the weight of undermining his masculinity - his very identity. In addition, society often views a male rape victim as weak, gay, or as having feminine characteristics. “A real male would have been able to fight off the perverts.” Another fear is that men feel this assault has “turned them into a homosexual” or that they must actually be or appear to be homosexual to have elicited the attacker’s attention. These particular con­cerns of male rape victims result primarily from their lack of understanding about the crime of sexual assault, particularly the motivations of rapists, and thus, can be addressed most effectively through education of the victim. Male rape victims need assistance in understanding that the motivation for rape is power and control and has little to do with their individual sexual identity. Although extremely rare, a man can be assaulted by a woman. Generally, weapons, devices and instruments are used. The confused sense of sexuality and identity which male rape victims often experience is compounded by the fact that during an assault, ejaculation and erection on the part of the victim may occur. How can a man in a state of fear or anxiety achieve an erection or ejaculate? This is an involuntary response to emotion just as non-violent stimulation of the penis can cause an erection and ejaculation. Men who are sexually assaulted often receive significant injuries either due to the penetration or from the battering that often accompanies the rape. Keep in mind that the public response to sexual assault victims is often disbelief and skepticism. Thus we have male victims who will not talk about their experi­ence or seek assistance from friends or community resources. They end up with no support and little information that could help them clarify the experi­ence and begin the process of recovery. The more openly male sexual victimization is discussed, the more likely it is that men will begin to seek assistance.Male Victims- Male victims of sexual assault experience the same reactions as female victims, although there are a few additional ones that are specific to male victims. Nicholas Groth states in his book Men Who Rape, the two major aspects of manhood are strength and sexuality. When a man has been assaulted he has lost both. Being sexually assaulted for anyone is humiliating, but for a man it also carries the weight of undermining his masculinity - his very identity. In addition, society often views a male rape victim as weak, gay, or as having feminine characteristics. “A real male would have been able to fight off the perverts.” Another fear is that men feel this assault has “turned them into a homosexual” or that they must actually be or appear to be homosexual to have elicited the attacker’s attention. These particular con­cerns of male rape victims result primarily from their lack of understanding about the crime of sexual assault, particularly the motivations of rapists, and thus, can be addressed most effectively through education of the victim. Male rape victims need assistance in understanding that the motivation for rape is power and control and has little to do with their individual sexual identity. Although extremely rare, a man can be assaulted by a woman. Generally, weapons, devices and instruments are used. The confused sense of sexuality and identity which male rape victims often experience is compounded by the fact that during an assault, ejaculation and erection on the part of the victim may occur. How can a man in a state of fear or anxiety achieve an erection or ejaculate? This is an involuntary response to emotion just as non-violent stimulation of the penis can cause an erection and ejaculation. Men who are sexually assaulted often receive significant injuries either due to the penetration or from the battering that often accompanies the rape. Keep in mind that the public response to sexual assault victims is often disbelief and skepticism. Thus we have male victims who will not talk about their experi­ence or seek assistance from friends or community resources. They end up with no support and little information that could help them clarify the experi­ence and begin the process of recovery. The more openly male sexual victimization is discussed, the more likely it is that men will begin to seek assistance.

87. 87 Summary How trauma victims respond to crisis, and in particular, how sexual assault victims respond to their assault vary widely, but tend to follow a general set of thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Advocates can help victims through the healing process by validating their feelings, letting them know when they are having normal reactions and referring them for additional assistance when needed.

88. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 5 The Advocate’s Role

89. 89 Uniformed Victim Advocates Who are they? Active duty Marines At battalion or squadron level SSgt or above Squared away Marine Mature with good listening skills Handles crisis situations well

90. 90 Uniformed Victim Advocates When are they advocates? After formal assignment Upon completion of training When there is a sexual assault victim Primarily in deployed and school environments

91. 91 Sexual Assault ResponseCoordinator The SARC within their Command: Appointed by the CG Appoints UVAs to cases Chairs monthly case management review group Tracks the disposition of cases Assists commander in meeting sexual assault training requirements Reports to Command within 24 hours for the purpose of public safety and command responsibility Makes sure the SAIRD is completed

92. 92 Response Structure

93. 93 Confidentiality Who has Confidentiality VA / UVA SARC Medical Care Provider M&FS Counselors Address victim preference statement, available in the student manual.Address victim preference statement, available in the student manual.

94. Types of Reporting Restricted reporting allows the victim to receive services without a formal report to PMO or to the Command Unrestricted reporting allows the victim to receive services, and an official investigation may ensue

95. 95 Confidentiality Confidentiality belongs to the victim, not the Advocate The Advocate provides information regarding options and consequences associated with these choices Choice and Consequence handout available in student manual.Choice and Consequence handout available in student manual.

96. 96 Victim Preference Statement Complete VPS in all reports of sexual assaults. Make sure all options and questions are covered. Point out the option to change their minds and make it unrestricted. Give form to SARC to keep.

97. 97 Exceptions to Confidentiality A victim consents in writing Disclosure is necessary to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat to the victim or another When required to determine fitness for duty or disability retirement To supervise direct victim services adequately

98. 98 Exceptions continued Ordered by judge or required by federal or state statute The SARC will determine whether an exception applies Exceptions do not necessarily equal wholesale disclosure, only information necessary to satisfy the respective exception should be disclosed

99. 99 Independent Investigation Investigations of restricted reporting cases may occur if: Commander receives information from a source independent of the restricted reporting avenues Victim discloses circumstances to someone other than the protective sphere

100. 100 Suicidal/Homicidal Thoughts If you suspect that the victim may cause harm to self, ask outright, “Are you thinking of suicide?” Some victims might become overwhelmed by what has happened to them and feel they no longer want to live. While assessing the situation, if the victim alludes to having thoughts of self-harm, ask outright, “Are you thinking of suicide?” If this question is answered with a yes or not denied, do not to leave the victim alone and get help immediately. If a victim tells you that they have plan and have attempted suicide in the past there is a increased likely­hood that he/she may go through with it. Take all thoughts and discussions of self harm very seriously. In the case of suicidal thoughts it is better to over react than under react.Some victims might become overwhelmed by what has happened to them and feel they no longer want to live. While assessing the situation, if the victim alludes to having thoughts of self-harm, ask outright, “Are you thinking of suicide?” If this question is answered with a yes or not denied, do not to leave the victim alone and get help immediately. If a victim tells you that they have plan and have attempted suicide in the past there is a increased likely­hood that he/she may go through with it. Take all thoughts and discussions of self harm very seriously. In the case of suicidal thoughts it is better to over react than under react.

101. 101 Benefits of Working with an Advocate: Available 24/7 Familiar with resources and can make referrals Can be with the victim throughout entire process Can keep victim apprised of case progress and schedule changes

102. 102 Advocates Can Empower Victims by: Acknowledging their rights and responsibilities Respecting their choices Providing them with options for choices Avoiding inappropriate labeling Advocates can empower victims by: Acknowledging their rights and responsibilities. Respecting their choices. Providing them with options for choices. Avoiding inappropriate labeling. Working collaboratively with other systems. Realizing the trauma of victimization is not mental illness, but trauma that needs to be addressed. Trusting that they will be able to work through the trauma.Advocates can empower victims by: Acknowledging their rights and responsibilities. Respecting their choices. Providing them with options for choices. Avoiding inappropriate labeling. Working collaboratively with other systems. Realizing the trauma of victimization is not mental illness, but trauma that needs to be addressed. Trusting that they will be able to work through the trauma.

103. 103 Sensitive Terminology One Choice Feeling Share or sharing Client or victim or survivor Incident or event Alleged When working with sexual assault victims be sensitive of your choice of words. These are some words that are better avoided when working with victims: Feeling = reaction. It is better to stick with the word “reactions” to describe “feel­ings.” Many people are uncomfortable, unsure or afraid of their feelings and emo­tions after an assault. Share or sharing = tell or telling. Ask people to tell you about their experiences. Don’t ask them to “share” those experiences or thank them for “sharing.” No one can literally share another person’s experience, even if they have suffered through the same event. Many people resent the presumption implicit in this term. Client or victim or survivor = person’s name. When talking to or about a person for whom you are providing crisis intervention, use the victim’s preferred name. Incident or event = crime or attack. It may appear to the victim that we are trivializing a crime when we use words such as incident or event. Alleged. Let the lawyers speak of alleged victims and offenders if they need to. Victim advocates should assume that people who describe themselves that way are what they say - victims of crime.When working with sexual assault victims be sensitive of your choice of words. These are some words that are better avoided when working with victims: Feeling = reaction. It is better to stick with the word “reactions” to describe “feel­ings.” Many people are uncomfortable, unsure or afraid of their feelings and emo­tions after an assault. Share or sharing = tell or telling. Ask people to tell you about their experiences. Don’t ask them to “share” those experiences or thank them for “sharing.” No one can literally share another person’s experience, even if they have suffered through the same event. Many people resent the presumption implicit in this term. Client or victim or survivor = person’s name. When talking to or about a person for whom you are providing crisis intervention, use the victim’s preferred name. Incident or event = crime or attack. It may appear to the victim that we are trivializing a crime when we use words such as incident or event. Alleged. Let the lawyers speak of alleged victims and offenders if they need to. Victim advocates should assume that people who describe themselves that way are what they say - victims of crime.

104. 104 Role of the Advocate Support the victim Facilitate the victim’s decision making process Inform a victim of their rights Complete a Victim Preference Statement in all cases

105. 105 Role of the Advocate Cont. Support through initial investigation Support through ongoing investigation Support through court proceedings Deal with the media Helping a victim understanding their choices and the consequences of those choices will be a key role the UVA plays from the initial disclosure through the resolution of the case. One of the first decisions you may help a victim to make is whether or not they want to report the crime and whether or not they would like to consent to a forensic exam. These are choices only the victim can make and it is not appropriate for an advocate to try to encourage a victim one way or another. Due to the danger/health risks associated with sexual assault, advocates should encourage a victim to seek medical treatment for detection and treatment of possible injuries and prevention of STDs and/or pregnancy. Advocates need to be mindful of possible reporting/confidentiality issues that may be associated with a victim seeking medical treatment and should advise the victim accordingly.Helping a victim understanding their choices and the consequences of those choices will be a key role the UVA plays from the initial disclosure through the resolution of the case. One of the first decisions you may help a victim to make is whether or not they want to report the crime and whether or not they would like to consent to a forensic exam. These are choices only the victim can make and it is not appropriate for an advocate to try to encourage a victim one way or another. Due to the danger/health risks associated with sexual assault, advocates should encourage a victim to seek medical treatment for detection and treatment of possible injuries and prevention of STDs and/or pregnancy. Advocates need to be mindful of possible reporting/confidentiality issues that may be associated with a victim seeking medical treatment and should advise the victim accordingly.

106. 106 Cultural Issues Religion Ethnicity Socioeconomic background Community of origin Examples of how these cultural issues might effect a victims reaction are contained in your manual. A UVA need not be an “expert” on every culture but needs to be sensitive to how one’s culture effects a victims world view which will effect how they perceive the assault and their subsequent recovery.Examples of how these cultural issues might effect a victims reaction are contained in your manual. A UVA need not be an “expert” on every culture but needs to be sensitive to how one’s culture effects a victims world view which will effect how they perceive the assault and their subsequent recovery.

107. 107 Crisis Intervention Steps in crisis intervention: Define problem Ensure client safety Provide support Examine alternatives Make plans Encourage commitment to positive action Define the problem. Use core listening skills such as empathy, genuineness, and acceptance or positive regard. Ensure client safety. Minimize the physical and psychological danger to self and others. Provide support. Communicate to the client that the advocate is a person who cares about the client. Examine alternatives. Think in terms of situational supports, coping mecha­nisms, and positive and constructive thinking patterns. Make plans. This includes identifying additional persons, groups, and other referral resources that can be contacted for immediate support. Providing coping mechanisms - something concrete and positive for the client to do now, definite action steps that the client can own and comprehend. Obtain commitment to positive action.Define the problem. Use core listening skills such as empathy, genuineness, and acceptance or positive regard. Ensure client safety. Minimize the physical and psychological danger to self and others. Provide support. Communicate to the client that the advocate is a person who cares about the client. Examine alternatives. Think in terms of situational supports, coping mecha­nisms, and positive and constructive thinking patterns. Make plans. This includes identifying additional persons, groups, and other referral resources that can be contacted for immediate support. Providing coping mechanisms - something concrete and positive for the client to do now, definite action steps that the client can own and comprehend. Obtain commitment to positive action.

108. 108 Victim Advocacy Steps in victim advocacy: Establish rapport Assess and clarify Explore options Bring closure Detailed in manualDetailed in manual

109. 109 Assess and Clarify What is your major concern right now? If I understand you correctly, you... I get the feeling you... So what you’re saying is... Would it be accurate to say that... Would you describe what you mean when you say... Help me to understand this... Could you tell me more about that? Let me see if I understand you correctly... Is this what you meant? Here are some phrases that will help you communicate with the victim and help them communicate with you.Here are some phrases that will help you communicate with the victim and help them communicate with you.

110. 110 Communicate with a Victim ….utilizing: Eyes Voice Breathing Body position Zone of comfort Touch

111. 111 ….eyes Make eye contact often but be careful not to stare Always look at the victim when speaking and when listening

112. 112 ….voice Drop your voice level (Lowering your voice level forces the victim to concentrate on what you are saying.) Speak clearly in short, concise phrases Repeat often what you are trying to get across (Short statements and repetition help with memory problems.)

113. 113 ….breathing Stay Calm! (The victim will mirror your demeanor and will breath with you after a short period of time.)

114. 114 ….body position Try to avoid standing over a victim Try to avoid face to face

115. 115 ….zone of comfort We all have a comfort zone Size differs from person to person

116. 116 ….touch Ask permission before touching Make sure it is not a surprise Make your movement deliberate and visible to the victim You will know if the touch is unwelcome

117. 117 Advocate “Dos” Believe the victim, be non-judgmental Limit questions Provide support and reassurance Inform victim of availability of a companion, chaplain, or friend to be with them Prepare for an emotional continuum

118. 118 Advocate “Dos” Ask, “What can I do to help?” Explain resources and support options Normalize and validate feelings expressed Inform victim of limits of confidentiality

119. 119 Advocate “Dos” Advise victim of right not to be interviewed Ensure medical care for any injuries Encourage victim not to destroy possible evidence by bathing, douching, changing clothes, drinking, urinating, etc. Seek assistance for yourself

120. 120 Advocate “Do Nots” Ask detailed questions Ask any questions out of personal curiosity Express disgust or shock towards victim Ask a question without giving a reason for asking question

121. 121 Advocate “Do Nots” Show anger/rage Say anything that would cause victim to think you do not believe them Put words in victim’s mouth Make promises or guarantees Make decisions for victim Expect victim to readily open up and discuss details about incident

122. 122 Advocate “Do Nots” Contact service member’s command or anyone Provide counseling Provide legal advice

123. 123 Closure Starts at the first meeting Clearly define role Predict the limits of your service

124. 124 The “Warm” Handoff To M&FS advocate if on the installation To another UVA if victim is transported in theater to a new location or to the rear To an agency out in town if this is the victim’s choice

125. 125 Continuity of Care Prepare victim in advance Contact with the other advocate in advance Help victim know how to regain contact if “dropped” Close the contact with the victim

126. 126 Reporting and Documentation SARC POC for SAIRD and Assistance (Insert Name and POC Info)

127. 127 Required for a SAIRD Entry Tracking ID Date of Assault Report Date Installation (maybe we should make this non-mandatory—it’s automatic) Status (Open or Closed) Report Type (Restricted or Unrestricted) (maybe non-mandatory too) Incident occurred in a training or school environment? Location (barracks, housing, training, etc.) Victim Age Gender Duty Station Personnel Type (Uniformed, Civilian, etc.) Allegation Initial Contact Date Victim seen at medical treatment facility within 72 hours of incident? Victim referred for additional medical care following initial physical examination/evidence collection? Treatment Facility Victim received medical attention after the incident? Was rape kit used? Victim desires counseling? Counseling Facility

128. Contact the SAPRO database coordinator at (703) 432-9074 or Charlene.Jones.ctr@usmc.mil You must have a SAIRD account to access the database. Contact the SAPRO database coordinator at (703) 432-9074 or AnicocheF@manpower.usmc.mil Once you have an account, type in the URL https://138.156.230.184/CRIBR/ . This is the screen that appears once you’ve logged in. You will not see this screen if not logged inYou must have a SAIRD account to access the database. Contact the SAPRO database coordinator at (703) 432-9074 or AnicocheF@manpower.usmc.mil Once you have an account, type in the URL https://138.156.230.184/CRIBR/ . This is the screen that appears once you’ve logged in. You will not see this screen if not logged in

129. Adding an incident Click on “Add incident”.

130. Tracking ID (first letter of Victim’s last name + last 4 of SSN (e.g. D2834).

131. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

132. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

133. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

134. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

135. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

136. Mandatory Fields Will AlwaysBe In BOLD Text

137. 137 SAIRD is Completed: When one party is military The unit commander of either the victim or the offender coordinates with SJA to enter incident data If victim and offender are from separate commands, SJA from both commands must assure incident is updated in SAIRD

138. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 6 Role of Medical Personnel

139. 139 The Primary Roles of Medical Personnel Provide assessment of and treatment to injuries Provide preventative measures for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy Document findings Collect physical evidence (72 hours)

140. 140 Evidence Collected in the Forensic Exam Used to: Identify the assailant Support a report of recent sexual contact Support a report of use of force NOTE: The Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence Kit can not prove that a sexual assault occurred, only sexual contact

141. 141 Evidence to Establish Force or Threat Includes: Victim's verbal account Written documentation of genital and non-genital injuries Pictures of injuries Torn or soiled clothing Positive toxicology tests for drugs present in blood or urine

142. 142 The “Rape Kit”:Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence (SAFE) Use of a Woods Lamp Swabs of vagina, anus, mouth Blood collected for DNA Documentation of bruising or tearing Fingernail scrapings Hair samples

143. 143 Colposcope A tool used to magnify genitalia and injuries Not available in combat theatre or at BAS or CSH Most exams now include the use of a colposcope that is equipped with a camera. The colposcope is a tool used to magnify genitalia. The use of a colposcope allows for many injuries that may not be seen without magnification to be documented and entered as evidence. Most exams now include the use of a colposcope that is equipped with a camera. The colposcope is a tool used to magnify genitalia. The use of a colposcope allows for many injuries that may not be seen without magnification to be documented and entered as evidence.

144. 144 Advocate Services When joining victim at the MTF, quietly identify yourself to protect victim’s confidentiality Ensure victim and alleged perpetrator are not waiting in same area Prepare victim for doctor’s questions Encourage victim to get treatment for injuries even if unwilling to undergo evidence recovery process Arrange for victim to have clothing to wear when they leave It is likely that a victim may feel lost and alone in the midst of the emam room. There are a number of supportive things a Unit Victim Advocate can do to support a victim through the medical process: Encourage the victim to get medical treatment even if they are is not willing to undergo the “rape kit”, evidence recovery process. Prepare a victim for questions the doctor may ask. Some questions may seem irrelevant. Help the victim by explaining the relevance. For example, the doctor may ask how long ago the assault occurred, and may also ask when the last time the victim had consensual intercourse. This is important because the exam includes taking vaginal and anal swabs and it will be important to know if fluids from multiple are to be expected. If the victim’s clothes are going to be kept for use as evidence, arrange for the victim to have clothing to wear when they leave. Protect the victim’s confidentiality, when identifying yourself to the victim, medical staff or investigative person­nel, do so quietly. Don’t talk to reporters. Refer them to the Public Affairs Office. Ensure that the victim and accused are not waiting in the same area and will not “bump” in to each other. Help victim to organize and understand all instructions for follow up appointments, medication doses, etc. Learn the names of the people you are dealing with including the investi­gating officers, doctors, nurses, etc. and write them down in case the victim has additional questions and needs to follow up with them at a later time.It is likely that a victim may feel lost and alone in the midst of the emam room. There are a number of supportive things a Unit Victim Advocate can do to support a victim through the medical process: Encourage the victim to get medical treatment even if they are is not willing to undergo the “rape kit”, evidence recovery process. Prepare a victim for questions the doctor may ask. Some questions may seem irrelevant. Help the victim by explaining the relevance. For example, the doctor may ask how long ago the assault occurred, and may also ask when the last time the victim had consensual intercourse. This is important because the exam includes taking vaginal and anal swabs and it will be important to know if fluids from multiple are to be expected. If the victim’s clothes are going to be kept for use as evidence, arrange for the victim to have clothing to wear when they leave. Protect the victim’s confidentiality, when identifying yourself to the victim, medical staff or investigative person­nel, do so quietly. Don’t talk to reporters. Refer them to the Public Affairs Office. Ensure that the victim and accused are not waiting in the same area and will not “bump” in to each other. Help victim to organize and understand all instructions for follow up appointments, medication doses, etc. Learn the names of the people you are dealing with including the investi­gating officers, doctors, nurses, etc. and write them down in case the victim has additional questions and needs to follow up with them at a later time.

145. 145 To Support Victims Through Medical Exam: Don’t talk to reporters. Refer to PAO Help the victim to understand and organize all instructions for follow up appointments, medication doses, etc. Learn names of investigating officers, doctors, corpsmen, etc. Advocates have been asked to leave exam rooms by doctors and nurses because they have “interfered” with the exam. Exam rooms may be small, often the best place to stand is near the victim’s head (when they are lying on the exam table) facing the victim with your back to their feet. This also provides some privacy to the victim as the advocate does not have a need to see what the examiner is doing. If this does not work for a particular exam room ask the examiner where they would like you to stand to be out of their way. Advocates have been asked to leave exam rooms by doctors and nurses because they have “interfered” with the exam. Exam rooms may be small, often the best place to stand is near the victim’s head (when they are lying on the exam table) facing the victim with your back to their feet. This also provides some privacy to the victim as the advocate does not have a need to see what the examiner is doing. If this does not work for a particular exam room ask the examiner where they would like you to stand to be out of their way.

146. 146 Summary Remember the victim has the following options: Obtain medical treatment or not Consent to all or part or none of a forensic exam Have a support person (advocate) in the exam room with them or not

147. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 7 Role of Investigative Personnel

148. 148 Roles of Investigative Personnel (PMO) The primary mission: Secure the crime scene Render aid to victims Investigate the crime Collect evidence Contact an advocate

149. 149 Supporting a Victim Through the NCIS Investigation Prepare them for questioning Provide emotional assistance Answer questions they may have Ensure that they are aware of their rights Let them know they need not make decisions that they are not prepared to make It is inappropriate for an advocate to interrupt an investigator.

150. 150 Supporting Victims Through the NCIS Investigation Accompany the victim to any proceedings required by the investigation, including follow-up interviews, identification procedures, etc. Work with law enforcement to ensure the victim has all necessary and appropriate information, without compromising the integrity of the case

151. 151 Investigation Elements Identify and collect potential evidence which includes: Crime scene photographs Suspect and victim clothing Biological evidence (blood, semen, saliva from the victim and suspect) Materials from which biological evidence might be collected (bedding, towels, carpet, sofa cushion)

152. 152 Investigation Elements (continued) Identify and collect potential evidence which includes: Other evidence (discarded items, articles left at the scene, condoms, foreign objects) Trace evidence (hairs, fibers, debris) Fingerprints, footprints, tire tracks, tool marks

153. 153 Types of Questions Asked by NCIS Did suspect ejaculate? If so, where? Did victim or suspect wipe their genitals with a tissue, sheet or item of clothing? Did suspect wear a condom? Was a lubricant used? If so, did suspect bring it or was it victim's? Did victim scratch or bite suspect?

154. 154 Types of Questions (continued) Were drugs or alcohol used? Does victim know the suspect? If suspect fled the scene, how did they leave and in what direction? Did the suspect take anything belonging to victim? Will victim be returning home or where can they be contacted by investigators? It should be noted that a victim is typically interviewed more than once and people who the victim has spoken with are also interviewed. The repeated interviews could be viewed as law enforcement “re-victimizing” the victim. However as noted in the checklist (located in the student guide), victims often remember more details after their first interviewed with law enforcement. It should be noted that a victim is typically interviewed more than once and people who the victim has spoken with are also interviewed. The repeated interviews could be viewed as law enforcement “re-victimizing” the victim. However as noted in the checklist (located in the student guide), victims often remember more details after their first interviewed with law enforcement.

155. 155 Advocate Tips for Working with Law Enforcement When possible inform the victim of their right to decide whether or not to speak with law enforcement prior to an interview Be prepared to provide the victims with pros and cons of either choice If you arrive in the middle of an interview ask the investigator if you can speak with the victim to introduce yourself and explain your role A thorough investigation is critical to gathering needed evidence to hold offenders accountable. UVA can provide emotional assistance and empower to victims as they go through the investigative process. The more familiar an advocate is with the investigative process the better able they will be to assist a victim. At the start of this module it was stated that that advocates get a “bad name” with law enforcement. Unfortunately this was well earned by some advocates who did not understand the investigative process and felt the need to protect victims from investigators. Investigators want to find out the truth, and want to gather evidence to help show other (command, jury members) what really happened. A thorough investigation is critical to gathering needed evidence to hold offenders accountable. UVA can provide emotional assistance and empower to victims as they go through the investigative process. The more familiar an advocate is with the investigative process the better able they will be to assist a victim. At the start of this module it was stated that that advocates get a “bad name” with law enforcement. Unfortunately this was well earned by some advocates who did not understand the investigative process and felt the need to protect victims from investigators. Investigators want to find out the truth, and want to gather evidence to help show other (command, jury members) what really happened.

156. 156 You should not feel a need to protect the victim from the investigator, they are not the bad guys Let the victim know that you can be present during the interview to provide emotional support if they would like Predict for the victim some of the questions they made be asked, and why Tips (continued) A thorough investigation is critical to gathering needed evidence to hold offenders accountable. UVA can provide emotional assistance and empower to victims as they go through the investigative process. The more familiar an advocate is with the investigative process the better able they will be to assist a victim. At the start of this module it was stated that that advocates get a “bad name” with law enforcement. Unfortunately this was well earned by some advocates who did not understand the investigative process and felt the need to protect victims from investigators. Investigators want to find out the truth, and want to gather evidence to help show other (command, jury members) what really happened. A thorough investigation is critical to gathering needed evidence to hold offenders accountable. UVA can provide emotional assistance and empower to victims as they go through the investigative process. The more familiar an advocate is with the investigative process the better able they will be to assist a victim. At the start of this module it was stated that that advocates get a “bad name” with law enforcement. Unfortunately this was well earned by some advocates who did not understand the investigative process and felt the need to protect victims from investigators. Investigators want to find out the truth, and want to gather evidence to help show other (command, jury members) what really happened.

157. 157 Tips (continued) Inform the victim that they can ask for a break if needed Support the victim’s request for the break. Interrupt the interview and ask for a break if you think the victim needs one Do not respond to questions directed to the victim

158. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 8 The Legal System The military legal system can be very confusing for not only crime victims but for Unit Victim Advocates as well. It should not be assumed that just because a victim is active duty that they understand the various stages of the military legal process. Typically victims to not have an attorney representing them and the advocate may be the only individual who helping them through this process. A victim may feel that they have very few choices/rights once the assault enters the legal system and a major concern of victims has been “not knowing” what is happening with the case. Knowing this, advocates can help by informing victims of the options they do have and keeping them informed of the progress of the case. The military legal system can be very confusing for not only crime victims but for Unit Victim Advocates as well. It should not be assumed that just because a victim is active duty that they understand the various stages of the military legal process. Typically victims to not have an attorney representing them and the advocate may be the only individual who helping them through this process. A victim may feel that they have very few choices/rights once the assault enters the legal system and a major concern of victims has been “not knowing” what is happening with the case. Knowing this, advocates can help by informing victims of the options they do have and keeping them informed of the progress of the case.

159. 159 Victim’s Rights To be treated with fairness and respect To be reasonably protected from the accused offender To be notified of court proceedings To be present at all public court proceedings related to the offense, unless the court determines that the victim’s testimony would be affected if the victim heard other testimony at the trial In 1990 a law entitled The Crime Control Act: Title V of the Victims’ Rights and Restitution Act set forth some basic rights of crime victims. This legislation mandated Federal agencies engaged in the detection, investigation, or prosecution of crime make their best efforts to ensure that victims of crime are treated with fairness and respect for their dignity and privacy. In 1990 a law entitled The Crime Control Act: Title V of the Victims’ Rights and Restitution Act set forth some basic rights of crime victims. This legislation mandated Federal agencies engaged in the detection, investigation, or prosecution of crime make their best efforts to ensure that victims of crime are treated with fairness and respect for their dignity and privacy.

160. 160 Victim’s Rights (continued) To confer with the prosecuting attorney in the case To restitution To information about the conviction, sentencing, imprisonment, and release of the offender

161. 161 Steps in Military Criminal Justice System Crime committed PMO notified Victim comes forward to tell about assault Command, local authorities, Provost Marshal, NCIS/CID, and SJA may be involved Victim should be given information about his/her rights

162. 162 Steps in the Military Justice System (continued) Investigation May involve medical exam Will involve NCIS/CID interview of victim, witnesses and the accused (maybe more than once) Can take from several days to more than a month

163. 163 Steps in the Military Justice System (continued) Preferral of Charges The Report of Investigation that is developed by the NCIS Does not make recommendations, but describes all facts and documents a suspect (if identified) Submitted to Commanding Officer Command can pursue numerous avenues including non-judicial punishments (NJP)

164. 164 Military Justice Process Prescribed in the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM) The accused's CO has the power to search, detain, and prosecute personnel under his/her command CO determines whether military court action is warranted Steps in the Military Justice System (continued)

165. 165 Article 32 Investigation Required in General courts-martial Impartial investigation Victim usually testifies IO provides a recommendation as to the disposition of the charges

166. 166 Referral to Court-Martial Command reviews Investigating Officer’s recommendation, then forwards to General Court-Martial Convening Authority

167. 167 Pretrial Restraint Condition of liberty Restrictions to limits Pretrial restraint: Confinement to the brig - barracks restriction? No bail in the military A suspect may be confined when his/her command has probable cause to believe that an offense under the UCMJ has been committed, that the suspect committed it, and that the suspect is not likely to appear for trial or will engage in serious criminal misconduct. The command must review its decision within 72 hours after ordering a suspect into confinement. A review of the command's decision to confine a suspect must be made within seven days from the start of the confinement by a neutral and detached officer known as the Initial Review Officer (IRO). The IRO can approve continued confinement until the Court-Martial or can order the suspect's immediate release.A suspect may be confined when his/her command has probable cause to believe that an offense under the UCMJ has been committed, that the suspect committed it, and that the suspect is not likely to appear for trial or will engage in serious criminal misconduct. The command must review its decision within 72 hours after ordering a suspect into confinement. A review of the command's decision to confine a suspect must be made within seven days from the start of the confinement by a neutral and detached officer known as the Initial Review Officer (IRO). The IRO can approve continued confinement until the Court-Martial or can order the suspect's immediate release.

168. 168 Pretrial Preparation Trial Counsel works with victim to prepare testimony Victim should be consulted regarding pretrial negotiations

169. 169 General Court-Martial (Trial) Consists of Military Judge, Trial Counsel, Defense Counsel and a jury of 3 or more for special court-martial, and 5 or more for general court-martial Victim will testify and be cross-examined Personal questions about sexual history or social life can be asked under limited circumstance Jury/Military Judge makes determination about guilt and sentences offender

170. 170 Court-Martial Verdict Proceedings Convening Authority reviews case Convening Authority has the power to approve, to disapprove, and to reduce the findings and sentence of the court He/she cannot impose a greater sentence than that determined by the Court-Martial

171. 171 Victim Impact Statement Victim may make a verbal statement or the victim may choose to present a written statement to the Convening Authority expressing their sentencing desires

172. 172 Tips to Help Victims With Court It is helpful to show them a courtroom prior to their day in court to reduce the mystery Let them know you can be with them in court. It is their choice Be quiet in and around the courtroom using your low, respectful voice Do not display your feelings of emotion or opinions when in the courtroom

173. 173 Military Protection Order (MPO) May direct a service member to refrain from contacting, harassing or touching a certain named person Direct a person to stay away from certain areas, to refrain from doing certain acts or activities Generally short in duration Civilian Protection Orders enforceable on military installations

174. 174 Victim Witness Assistance Notification Forms Forms DD 2701 - 2703 Initial Information for Victims and Witnesses of Crime Court-Martial Information for Victims and Witnesses of Crime Once a case has started the judicial process victims often struggle with understanding that they are witnesses in the case and the case is not “theirs” but the commands. Victims have several choices throughout the legal process but it is often unclear what those choices are. It is the role of the advocate to help clarify what options the victim does have. One does not have to be a legal expert to support a sexual assault victim through the legal system, but it does help to have a basic understanding of some of the more common terms as well as a general idea of the judicial process as outlined in this module.Once a case has started the judicial process victims often struggle with understanding that they are witnesses in the case and the case is not “theirs” but the commands. Victims have several choices throughout the legal process but it is often unclear what those choices are. It is the role of the advocate to help clarify what options the victim does have. One does not have to be a legal expert to support a sexual assault victim through the legal system, but it does help to have a basic understanding of some of the more common terms as well as a general idea of the judicial process as outlined in this module.

175. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 9 The Command’s Role

176. Command Program DoD directed program MCO 1752.5A mandated command program Commander ultimately responsible for program implementation SAPR Tenets Awareness Training Prevention 176

177. 177 Command’s Role

178. 178 Commanding Officers are Required to: Conduct annual training and brief at pre-deployment Publish policies on responsible alcohol use Notify PMO of allegations of sexual assault Ensure victim/offender are separated Support Victim Witness Assistance Program As leaders, commanders are keenly aware of and sensitive to the climate of their units. Commanders continuously educate their Marines on how to prevent incidents of sexual assault, while also encouraging victims and witnesses to report these incidents when they occur. Leaders must be aware that Marines who are sexual assault victims are physically, mentally, and emotionally traumatized and wounded. A wounded Marine must never be left on the battlefield.As leaders, commanders are keenly aware of and sensitive to the climate of their units. Commanders continuously educate their Marines on how to prevent incidents of sexual assault, while also encouraging victims and witnesses to report these incidents when they occur. Leaders must be aware that Marines who are sexual assault victims are physically, mentally, and emotionally traumatized and wounded. A wounded Marine must never be left on the battlefield.

179. 179 Commanding Officers are Required to: Ensure UVA are trained and available to deployed personnel Appoint a SARC to ensure resources and case management are provided to all victims Include sexual assault prevention considerations at deployed sites

180. 180 Eliminate Re-victimization of Victims by: Ensuring victims and offenders do not remain in the same work and/or living area Protecting privacy of sexual assault victims Limiting access to identifying documents to only those with a need to know Fostering a command environment that encourages reporting without fear of reprisal Ensuring, in coordination with the UVA/SARC, that the SAIRD is completed

181. 181 Collateral Misconduct Commanding officers may defer disciplinary actions regarding collateral misconduct of the victim until after final disposition of the assault (White Letter and JTF DTM)

182. 182 All Marine Corps Personnel Must: Eliminate behavior that violates ethos and tarnishes prestige of Marine Corps Take appropriate action when another person is physically, sexually, or verbally assaulting another Report all incidents of sexual assault

183. 183 All Marine Corps Personnel Must: Become familiar with available resources (e.g. UVA, MFS) Ensure that a person who is sexually assaulted is: Treated fairly, with dignity, sensitivity and without prejudice Treated in a manner that does not usurp control from victim Not identify victim to news media

184. 184 UVA identity known within the command

185. 185 All Marine Corps Personnel Must: Avoid questioning victim about the incident unless required in the course of official duties to limit re-victimization Maintain a climate that is respectful to all

186. 186 Summary Commanding Officers want to support their Marines Uniformed Victim Advocates can assist a victim in getting the specific support needed By being educated on the role and responsibilities of the command, Unit Victim Advocates can better assist a victim. Informing a victim of command responsibilities can help to clarify the possible options available to a victim. Commanding officers want to support their Marines; Unit Victim Advocates can assist a victim in getting the specific support needed. By being educated on the role and responsibilities of the command, Unit Victim Advocates can better assist a victim. Informing a victim of command responsibilities can help to clarify the possible options available to a victim. Commanding officers want to support their Marines; Unit Victim Advocates can assist a victim in getting the specific support needed.

187. USMC Uniformed Victim Advocate Training Module 10 Community Education

188. 188 Training Topics to Cover Marine Corps Order 1752.5A Sexual Assault Defined Consent, Incapacitation Common Myths Victim/Offender Characteristics Sexual Assault Trauma Syndrome Risk Reduction Suggestions Reporting Procedures Items that should be covered in educational brief. Did the presentation just provided cover all of these topics? What else needs to be added?Items that should be covered in educational brief. Did the presentation just provided cover all of these topics? What else needs to be added?

189. 189 Training Topics Cont: False Allegations Inconsistent Statements Unfounded/Unsubstantiated vs. False Allegation Recantation Barriers to Reporting Victims Rights

190. 190 Potential Unit Training Needs Annual Prevention & Response Training Check-In Sheet/Newcomer Orientations Pre-deployment Briefs Commander Briefs Community Education First Responders Items that should be covered in educational brief. Did the presentation just provided cover all of these topics? What else needs to be added?Items that should be covered in educational brief. Did the presentation just provided cover all of these topics? What else needs to be added?

191. 191 Effective Training/Briefings Tailor to fit the audience Try not read the PowerPoint slides! Involve the participants, find out what they know Do not make the training any longer than needed to cover the information

192. 192 Training Two presentations are provided on the website Both cover the same material but one is designed for leadership and the other for the Marines Use the training that is most appropriate for the audience

193. 193 Presentation and Facilitation The more comfortable you become with the training material, the less you need the PowerPoint slides Slides should be used as an outline and to highlight key points

194. 194 Summary You know more than most about sexual assault and how the system works Use your knowledge to educate others and hold your peers to a high standard of behavior

195. 195 RESOURCES One Source MFS Victim Advocates and Counselors MCCS Community Rape Crisis Centers SAPRO website www.usmc-mccs.org/sapro/ User ID: UVA, Password: SAPRO

196. 196 RESOURCES cont. Mr. Raymond Bruneau – 703-432-9104 Raymond.Bruneau@usmc.mil Maj Douglas Alexander – 703-432-9073 Douglas.alexander@usmc.mil Mrs. Parisa Fetherson – 703-432-9466 Parisa.Fetherson.ctr@usmc.mil Mrs. Charlene Jones – 703-432-9074 Charlene.Jones.ctr@usmc.mil Mrs. Penny Parsons -- 703-432-9072 Penny.parson@usmc.mil (DSN - 378)