Phylum Protista

2. Polyphyletic phylogeny. • Derived from archaea and eubacteria. • ~ 45 phyla recognized. • ~ 60,000 species known.

3. May be aerobic/anaerobic. • Locomotion by cilia/flagella/cytoplasmic (amoebiod) projections. • Cell wall/lack cell wall. • Chloroplast absent/present. Divided into two groups based on mode of nutrition: • Autotrophs(plant-like Algae) • Heterotrophs(animal-like protist/protozoa).

5. Protozoa • First animal on earth. • Breath, respire, move and reproduce. • Outer covering is plasma membrane. • Inner to membrane is pellicle. • Pellicle is protein in nature. • Pellicle maintain shape of cell. • Underlies pellicle, cytoplasm is present. • Liquid substance of cytoplasm is cytosol.

6. Function of cytoplasm : • Provide cell security • Act as shock-absorber • Preserve essential chemicals Cytoplasm differentiated into two regions • Ectoplasm: lies beneath pellicle, firm • Endoplasm: granular in appearance

7. Contractile vacuole: maintain water balance and internal environment of organisms. • Most absorb food by endocytosis. • Some protozoa have cytopharynx (serve as mouth). • Food vacuole important for digestion and transport of food • Lysosome, contain enzymes for digestion.

8. Once digestion completed, the vacuole become egestion vacuole. • Release waste by exocytosis. • Some release waste by cytopyge. • Exchange gases by diffusion through cell membrane. • Acquire oxygen for cellular respiration. • Eliminate carbondioxide. • Excretion involved elimination of nitrogeneous waste through cell membrane.

9. Reproduction • Both by asexual and sexual means. Types of asexual reproduction: • Binary fission. • Multiple fission/schizogony. • Budding.

10. Binary Fission • Binary fission longitudinal/transverse. • Mitosis produced two nuclei from single nucleus (karyokinesis). • Nucleus distributed into two similar-sized individuals formed by cytokinesis. • All cell organelles duplicate.

11. Division of nucleus (karyokinesis) Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

12. Multiple Fission/Schizogony • Large number of daughter cells are formed from a single protozoan. • Nucleus divide into many nuclei. • Division of cytoplasm. • Separation of each nucleus into new cell.

14. Budding • New individual arise as an outgrowth on existing organism. • Incorporation of one nucleus into cytoplasmic mass. • New individual may detach from parent cell. • Or may remain attach to parent cell and will form colonies.

16. Sexual Reproduction • Require gamete formation. • Gamete fusion. • Gamete produced by mitosis. • Sharing their genetic material. • Will form new individual.

17. SYMBIOSIS • Two organisms that live together • Temporarily or for a longer time • It is ecological relationship between organisms of two different species. Types of symbiotic relationship: • Parasitism: • One species benefits and other is harmed. • May have two host • Definitive host. • Intermediate host.

18. Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other neither harmed nor benefited. • Mutualism: both organisms benefits.

19. Four major groups of protozoans: • Flagellated protozoa. • Amoeboid protozoa. • The Coccidea. • The Ciliates.

20. Flagellated Protozoa • Have definite body shape. • Use flagella for locomotion. • Mostly free-living , motile/sessile. • ~7,500 species. Containing two main groups: • Phytoflagellates. • Zooflagellates.

21. AXONEME ARRANGEMENT IN FLAGELLA

22. Phytoflagellated Protozoa • They are plant-like • Contain chlorophyll • Have photosynthesizing ability • Many phytoflagellates are dinoflagellates • One flagellum cause organism to spin • Second flagellum pushes the organism forward • Contain xanthophyll pigment

23. Red Tide • May produced toxins by periodic bloom. • Red tide: a phenomenon in which massive multiplication of dinoflagellates cause discoloration to water. • Blooms deplete oxygen in water. • Release toxin in water, harmful to human and animals especially fish. • Common example Gymnodinium

25. Zooflagellated Protozo • They are animal-like. • Some fresh living/some are marine. • Lack chloroplast. • No cell wall. • Propelled by flagella. • Heterotrophic. • Mostly shown symbiotic relationship. • Some are parasites in human. • Most are pathogens.

26. Trypanosoma Brucei complex • Trypanosoma brucei, cause sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis) • 3 subspecies often referred as trypanosoma brucei complex. • T.b. brucei (non-human parasite). • T.b. gambiense (human parasite). • T.b. rhodesiense (human parasite).

27. Sleeping Sickness • Tsetse flies are intermediate host • Tsetse flies bites mammals • Pick parasite along blood • Parasite reproduce in gut of flies and then migrate to its salivary gland • Flies bite another vertebrate • Enters into the blood of definitive host • In nervous system cause confusion, mental illness and sleepiness in daytime • Finally patient go into comma • Ultimately die

28. TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI

29. Phylum Chlorophyta • Free living flagellated protozoans • Unicellular/multicellular • Photosynthetic pigment present (chlorophyll a&b) • Storage product is starch • Usually autotrophs, some heterotrophs

30. Class Chlorophyceae: • unicellular also form colonies • Have flagella • Reproduced asexually • Example chlamydomonas: • have cup shaped single chloroplast • single nucleus • food vacuole and contractile vacuole is present

31. Cup-shaped chloroplast Chlamydomonas

32. Phylum Euglenozoa • 800 species have been described • Chlorophyllous/achlorophyllus • Form water bloom • Mitochondria present • Usually autotrophic may be heterotrophic

33. Important classes: • Trypanosomatidea: • flagellated,. • Single mitocondria, Golgi bodies present. • Usually parasites in blood. • Examples are Leishmania, Trypanosoma.

34. Euglenoidea: • Two flagella, one is long and other is short • Common example Euglena • Fresh-water protozoa • Centrally located single nucleus • Cytoplasm with usual cell organelles

35. At anterior end reservoir is present • Membrane bound stigma is located on the reservoir • Have rigid pellicle • Flagellum inserted at the base of reservoir, help in locomotion • Excrete through cell membrane • Contractile vacuole maintain water balance

37. Reproduced by longitudinal binary fission.

38. Phylum Axostylata • Axostyle for locomotion and support. • Made of microtubules. Class Parabaselea: • Flagellated protozoa. • Parasite cause Trichomoniasis. • Symbiont in gut of termite. • Common example is Trichomonas vaginalis.

40. Phylum Retortamonada • Free living and parasites. • Lack mitochondria and Golgi complex. • Have four flagella. • Three anterior and one posterior. Class Diplomonadea: live in anaerobic environment. • Lack mitochondria. • Have multiple flagella. • Have two nuclei.

41. nucleus Multiple flagella Giardia

42. Amoeboid Protozoa • Unicellular, free-living/parasites. • Naked/shelled. • Reproduce by binary fission. • Have endoplasm and ectoplasm. • Move and feed by pseudopodia.

43. Types of Pseudopodia • Lobopodia: large blunt structure. • Filopodia: thread-like structure . • Reticulopodia: thread-like structure, branched, form a network. • Axopodia: thin, filamentous structure.

45. Shells of Amoeboid Protozoa • Calcarious: (made of calcium carbonate) • Proteinaceous: (made of protein) • Chitinous: (made of chitin) • Siliceous: (made of silica) • Some made of sand

46. Foraminifera • Usually marine organisms • Secrete calcarious shell • When grow secrete larger shell remain attached to older chambers • Showing symmetry of spiral arrangement • Reproduced by binary fission • Locomotion and feed as other amoeba do

48. Heliozoans • Fresh water organisms. • Either free-living planktons. • Attached by a stalk of substrate. • Naked/shelled.

49. Radiolarians • Marine planktons. • Relatively large in size. • Colonial forms may reach several cm in diameter. • Possess shell made of silicon. • Basic body is spherical.

50. Phylum Rhizopoda • Use pseudopodia for movement and feeding. • Found world wide in soil, salt and fresh water. • No flagellated stage in life cycle. • Reproduced asexually by binary fission. • Have three major classes: • Class Entamoebea: • Mitocondria absent. • Mostly gut parasites. • Have shown commensalism.