2010 EEA Conference & Trade Exhibition

1. ‘BLACK BOX’ FOR SIMPLE COST-EFFECTIVE GRID CONNECTION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION Presenter(s): Chris Turney Director, Ergo Consulting 2010 EEA Conference & Trade Exhibition Dr Nirmal Nair Power Systems Group (PSG) 2University of Auckland Authors:Andrew Wells2, Matthew Shanks2, Chris Turney, Nirmal Nair 17th – 18th June 2010, Christchurch

2. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Presentation Outline • Current Issues for DG Interconnections • Motivation, Scope and Overview of this Project • General Requirements for an Interconnection Box • ‘Black Box’ • Physical & Design Visualization • Components • Typical costing • Future Disclaimer Pictures: Equipments shown in this paper/presentation for illustration to be treated vendor neutral.

3. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Motivation • Reduce Uncertainty • Reduce time negotiating • Reduce costs for both parties • Reduce engineering • One size fits all

4. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG The Market • Water treatment plants • Waste Water treatment plants • Hospitals • Other Essential Services

5. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Scope The scope is NOT aimed at: • Pure generators • Large Embedded generators The scope is aimed at small embedded generators that: • Have to keep their plant going at all costs • Cannot relay on power utility 100% • Need to prove their back up supply It does not remove the requirement for system studies nor power utilities having special requirements in some cases.

6. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Standby Generation Most common-Diesel Generator • Not 100% reliable • Need regular maintenance • Assurance that it will work when needed

7. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Standby Generation Ideal World • Start anytime • Run for as long as desired • Open and close the connection to utility • Shut down for another month

8. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Guides • EEA Guide for connection of Generating plant • IEEE 1547 • Electricity Commission's Governance rules • Power Utilities own requirements

9. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Compliance • Embedded generator must disconnect from islanded network • Embedded generator must trip for earth faults on the network • Utility must be able to close onto a dead bus

10. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Single Line Diagram of DG Line VT with an open delta winding LOM Relay Line breaker DG

11. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Ownership Power Utility • Circuit Breaker • Line Protection Embedded Generator • Islanding Protection • Earth Fault Protection

12. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG The Hurdles now: • An unpredictable process • Unpredictable costs • Raft of regulations and technical requirements • 6 months of negotiations • And CONSULTANCY FEES!!

13. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Black Box • Circuit Breaker • Line Protection • Island Protection • Earth Fault Protection • Interlocks • Metering • SCADA • Synchronizing VT • Generation Request UTILITY GENERATOR

14. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Relay & Instrumentation Diagram

15. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG • Protection function requirements • Under /over Voltage 27/59 • Under /over frequency 81 • Earth fault instantaneous 51N • Earth fault time delayed 67N • Neutral Voltage Displacement 59N • Over current time delayed 67 • Loss of Mains • Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) • Vector shift (ΔVθ), with a setting between 6-12° • Synch-check (atleast 60 sec) • Metering and protection transformers (Part D, EGR) • Circuit breaker and breaking capacity • DC back-up supplies (atleast 24 hours)

16. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG • Earthing requirements • Electricity Regulations 1997 of NZ : Site Earthing for isolated operation • Transformer outside scope of this ‘Black Box’ • Earth Faults on either side needs to be detected and isolated • Grounding • NZ Wiring Rules 2007 (1.5.5.3a) • Earth electrode (min depth 1.8m, wire sized Table 5.2) • Functional grou (data, signal) needs insulation from protective earthing • Soil Resistivity (Wenner Method) • Access to the box

17. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Interconnection Point: Overview

18. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG • Earthing requirements • Electricity Regulations 1997 of NZ : Site Earthing for isolated operation • Transformer outside scope of this ‘Black Box’ • Earth Faults on either side needs to be detected and isolated • Grounding • NZ Wiring Rules 2007 (1.5.5.3a) • Earth electrode (min depth 1.8m, wire sized Table 5.2) • Functional grou (data, signal) needs insulation from protective earthing • Soil Resistivity (Wenner Method) • Access to the box

19. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Presentation Outline • Current Issues for DG Interconnections • Motivation, Scope and Overview of this Project • General Requirements for an Interconnection Box • ‘Black Box’ • Physical & Design Visualization • Components • Typical costing • Future

20. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG

21. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG . Appendix C: 3-D Computer Aided Design Visualization of the ‘Black Box’

22. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Demo or Hyperlink to the software? (Chris)

23. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG • Cable Sizing • 300mm2 11kV Aluminium 3-core cable, rated at 476A direct buried, bending radius 1370mm • 95mm2 Aluminium for each individual phase, rated at 267A in air, bending radius 355mm • VT connection cable 35mm2 Cu, bending radius 360mm and 24.2mm over insulation • Cable Terminations • All connectors, elbows and plugs conform to the following standards: • IEEE 386 Standard for Separable Connectors. • IEEE 404 Standard for Cable Joints and Splices. • IEEE 48 Standard for Cable Terminations. • IEEE C62.11 Standard for Metal Oxide Surge Arresters. • IEEE 592 Standard for Exposed Semiconducting Shields. • ANSI C119.4 Standard for Copper and Aluminum Conductor Connectors. • 400TB Tee Connector: to accommodate incoming feeder line and split the connection for CB and the VTs using DIN 600 plugs with C interface • 400 RTPA Reducing Plug: to fit into the tee connector and provides a tap off to the fused elbow • 168FLR1 fused elbow is rated to be used for up to 15kV and used to connect VT to the CB (ANSI C37.40, ANSI C37.41, ANSI C37.47,IEEE 386)

24. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Components • Voltage Transformers • Australian Standard 2067-1984 (touch safe) • Stand-off insulators are provided for cable termination • Clearances in air to earth of switchgear assemblies: for voltage up to 12kV, 120mm minimum phase to earth clearance is required • Clearances in air between phases: 15% greater than air clearance is required. 120mm + 15% = 138mm • Accuracy class 0.5 (e.g. TJCP 4.0 VT’s ABB) • Current Transformers • 45U Easimount ring-type CT • 0.5 class accuracy and have a 5VA burden rating • insulation level of 0.72 / 3KV and a S.C. rating of 10KA / 3 seconds • Clearances in air between phases: 15% greater than air clearance is required. 120mm + 15% = 138mm • Accuracy class 0.5 (e.g. TJCP 4.0 VT’s ABB)

25. Relays CBs Comms ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Components

26. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Presentation Outline • Current Issues for DG Interconnections • Motivation, Scope and Overview of this Project • General Requirements for an Interconnection Box • ‘Black Box’ • Physical & Design Visualization • Components • Typical costing • Future

27. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Table 1: Costing of the ‘Black Box’

28. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG 2013: ONEDG INTERCONNECTION BLACK BOX ?

29. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Summary • Current DG interconnection experience shared • Technical Interconnection requirements reviewed • Black box: Complying all requirements for 5 MW • Switchgear, Protection, Auxillaries and Cabling • Typical costing • Relevance in the context of retailing by line companies

30. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG References [1] Electricity Engineers’ Association, Guide for the Connection of Generating Plant, EEA, 2007 [2] Energy Networks Association (UK), Notes of Guidance for the Protection of Embedded Generating Plant up to 5MW for Operation in Parallel with Public Electricity Suppliers’ Distribution Systems, ENA, 2004 [3] AS/NZS 3000:2007 Electrical installations (known as the Wiring Rules) [4] EEA Guide to Power System Earthing Practice [5] R.F. Arritt, R.C. Dugan, “Distributed Generation Interconnection Transformer and Grounding Selection”, IEEE PES 2008 general meeting, Conversion and delivery of electrical Energy in the 21st century, 20-24 July 2008, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

31. ‘BLACK BOX’ for Simple Cost Effective Grid Connection of DG Thanks for your attention

32. ‘BLACK BOX’ FOR SIMPLE COST-EFFECTIVE GRID CONNECTION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION Presenter(s): Chris Turney Director, Ergo Consulting 2010 EEA Conference & Trade Exhibition Dr Nirmal Nair Power Systems Group (PSG) 2University of Auckland Authors:Andrew Wells2, Matthew Shanks2, Chris Turney, Nirmal Nair 17th – 18th June 2010, Christchurch