Slavery and Racism in America and US 1500 to 2020

1. America's journey from colonial slavery to Black matters Colonial times slavery US country slavery US segregation era US post segregation era and racist era Anders Dernback slideshow – text wikipedia

2. The first enslaved Africans The first African slaves in what would become the present day United States of America arrived in 1526 with Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's establishment of San Miguel de Gualdape on the current Georgia or Carolina coast. They rebelled and lived with indigenous people, destroying the colony in less than 2 months. Georgia was the last of the Thirteen Colonies to be established and the furthest south (Florida was not one of the Thirteen Colonies). Founded in the 1730s, Georgia's powerful backers did not object to slavery as an institution, but their business model was to rely on labor from Britain (primarily England's poor) and they were also concerned with security, given the closeness of then Spanish Florida, and Spain's regular offers to enemy-slaves to revolt or escape. Despite agitation for slavery, it was not until a defeat of the Spanish by Georgia colonials in the 1740s that arguments for opening the colony to slavery intensified. To staff the rice plantations and settlements, Georgia's proprietors relented in 1751, and African slavery grew quickly. After becoming a royal colony, in the 1760s Georgia began importing slaves directly from Africa.

4. Homann Heirs Map of the local slave trade in West Africa, from Senegal and Cape Blanc to Guinea, the Cacongo and Barbela rivers, and Ghana Lake on the Niger River as far as Regio Auri (1743).

5. Enslaved populations in the Thirteen Colonies in 1770 Slavery in the colonial history of the United States, from 1600 to 1776, developed from complex factors, and researchers have proposed several theories to explain the development of the institution of slavery and of the slave trade. Slavery strongly correlated with Europe's American colonies' need for labor, especially for the labor- intensive plantation economies of the sugar colonies in the Caribbean, operated by Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States#/media/File:Slavery_in_the_13_colonies.jpg

6. "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" 1787

7. The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. For each captive, the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe. These included guns, ammunition, and other factory-made goods. The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas. The goods were the products of slave-labour plantations and included cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum. Sir John Hawkins, considered the pioneer of the British slave trade, was the first to run the Triangular trade, making a profit at every stop.

13. Increasing slave trade year 1680 in virgina In 1672, King Charles II rechartered the Royal African Company (it had initially been set up in 1660), as an English monopoly for the African slave and commodities trade—thereafter in 1698, by statute, the English parliament opened the trade to all English subjects. The trade of enslaved people to the mid-Atlantic colonies increased substantially in the 1680s, and by 1710 the African population in Virginia had increased to 23,100 (42% of total); Maryland contained 8,000 Africans (14.5% of total). In the early 18th century, England passed Spain and Portugal to become the world's leading trader of enslaved people. From the early 18th century American merchants, especially in Charleston, S.C., challenged the monopoly of the Royal African Company, and Joseph Wragg and Benjamin Savage became the first independent traders of enslaved people to break through the monopoly by the 1730s.

14. New York Slave Laws: Colonial Period LAW YEAR LAWS/CODES Protection for Slaves 1652 Statute DESCRIPTION Statute While New Amsterdam, as New York was first called, is under Dutch rule, laws were passed to prevent the mistreatment of slaves. Whipping was forbidden unless the owner received permission from authorities. Manumission of slaves was allowed. The New York Common Council passes a law, "A Proclamation Prohibiteing ye Intertainement of Negers." The law prohibited the sale of "White Rumm and other Strong Liquors" to blacks. "A Proclamation Prohibiteing ye Intertainement of Negers" 1680 Municipal Prohibited trade with a slave without his master's consent; the recipient of the goods was fined five pounds plus three times the value of the item. Statute "An Act for the Regulateing of Slaves“ 1702 The New York Assembly, following a slave revolt, passed "An Act for the suppressing and punishing the conspiracy and insurrection of Negroes and other Slaves." The law authorized slave owners "to punish their slaves for their Crimes and Offences at Discretion, not extending to Life or Member." Slaves found guilty of murder, rape, arson, or assault were to "suffer the pains of Death in such manner and with such circumstances as the aggravation or enormity of their Crimes...shall merit and require." The law also prohibited free blacks ("an Idle slothfull people") from owning real property. Finally, the law effectively ended the practice of freeing slaves by requiring any owner manumitting a slave to pay £200 to the government anda £20 annuity to the freed slave. "An Act for the suppressing and punishing the conspiracy and insurrection of Negroes and other Slaves.“ 1712 Provincial Assembly

15. "An Act for the more effectual preventing and punishing the conspiracy and insurrection of negro and other slaves and for better regulating them" ["Montgomerie's Act"] 1730 The New York Assembly consolidated slave codes passed in the past three decades ("An Act for the more effectual preventing and punishing the conspiracy and insurrection of negro and other slaves and for better regulating them"). The law made it a crime for any slave to possess or use "any gun Pistoll sword Club or any other Kind of Weapon." The law also made it illegal for three or more slaves to meet at any time unless "in some servile imployment for their Master or Mistress." Slaves were also prohibited from being on the streets after dark except with their master, and prohibited from using the streets in a disorderly manner. "A Law for Regulating Negro's & Slaves in the Night Time" 1737 Municipal The New York Common Council enacted an ordinance providing "that no Negro, Mullato or Indian Slave, shall appear in the Streets of this City, above an hour after Sun-set without a candle and Lanthorn, on penalty of being Whipt at the Publick Whipping Post.“ New York 1740 "A Law to Prohibit Negroes and Other Slaves Vending Indian Corn Peaches or any other Fruit with this City" 1740 "in response to fears that blacks spread disease in their fruits and vegetables, prohibited blacks from selling their own produce in city streets or public markets. Violators were subject to whipping unless their owner paid a fine of six shillings.

16. New York Slave Revolt of 1712 The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the British Province of New York, of 23 enslaved Africans. They killed nine whites and injured another six before they were stopped. More than three times that number of black people, 70, were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed. In the early 18th century, New York City had one of the largest slave populations of any of England's colonies. Slavery in the city differed from some of the other colonies because there were no large plantations. Slaves worked as domestic servants, artisans, dock workers, and various skilled laborers. Enslaved Africans lived near each other, making communication easy. They also often worked among free black people, a situation that did not exist on most Southern plantations. Slaves in the city could communicate and plan a conspiracy more easily than among those on plantations. A group of more than twenty black slaves gathered on the night of April 6, 1712, and set fire to a building on Maiden Lane near Broadway. While the white colonists tried to put out the fire, the enslaved blacks, armed with guns, hatchets, and swords, attacked the whites then ran off. Almost immediately all runaway slaves were reunited with their owners.

17. Aftermath of the 1712 slave revolt of New york Colonial forces arrested seventy blacks and jailed them. Six are reported to have committed suicide. Twenty-seven were put on trial, 21 of whom were convicted and sentenced to death, including one woman with child. Twenty were burned to death and one was executed on a breaking wheel. After the revolt, the city and colony passed more restrictive laws governing black and Indian slaves. Slaves were not permitted to gather in groups of more than three, they were not permitted to carry firearms, and gambling was outlawed. Crimes of property damage, rape, and conspiracy to kill qualified for the death penalty. Free blacks were still allowed to own land, however. Anthony Portuguese (alternately spelled Portugies), owned land that makes up a portion of present-day Washington Square Park; this continued to be owned by his daughter and grandchildren. The colony required slave owners who wanted to free their slaves to pay a tax of £200 per person, then an amount much higher than the cost of a slave. In 1715 Governor Robert Hunter argued in London before the Lords of Trade that manumission and the chance for a slave to inherit part of a master's wealth was important to maintain in New York. He said that this was a proper reward for a slave who had helped a master earn a lifetime's fortune, and that it could keep the slave from descending into despair.

18. Stono Rebellion 1739 South Carolina The Stono Rebellion (sometimes called Cato's Conspiracy or Cato's Rebellion) was a slave rebellion that began on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 25 colonists and 35 to 50 Africans killed. The uprising was led by native Africans who were likely from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo, as some of the rebels spoke Portuguese. Their leader, Jemmy, was a literate slave. In some reports, however, he is referred to as "Cato", and likely was held by the Cato, or Cater, family who lived near the Ashley River and north of the Stono River. He led 20 other enslaved Kongolese, who may have been former soldiers, in an armed march south from the Stono River (for which the rebellion is named). They were bound for Spanish Florida. This was due to a Spanish effort to destabilize British rule, where they (the Spanish) had promised freedom and land at St. Augustine to slaves who escaped from the British colonies. In response to the rebellion, the South Carolina legislature passed the Negro Act of 1740, which restricted slave assembly, education, and movement. It also enacted a 10-year moratorium against importing African slaves, because they were considered more rebellious, and established penalties against slaveholders' harsh treatment of slaves. It required legislative approval for each act of manumission, which slaveholders had previously been able to arrange privately. This sharply reduced the rate of manumissions in the state.

19. New York Conspiracy of 1741 The Conspiracy of 1741, also known as the Negro Plot of 1741 or the Slave Insurrection of 1741, was a purported plot by slaves and poor whites in the British colony of New York in 1741 to revolt and level New York City with a series of fires. Historians disagree as to whether such a plot existed and, if there was one, its scale. During the court cases, the prosecution kept changing the grounds of accusation, ending with linking the insurrection to a "Popish" plot by Spaniards and other Catholics. "A Law to Prohibit Negroes and Other Slaves Vending Indian Corn Peaches or any other Fruit with this City" 1740 Municipal The New York Common Council, in response to fears that blacks spread disease in their fruits and vegetables, prohibited blacks from selling their own produce in city streets or public markets. Violators were subject to whipping unless their owner paid a fine of six shillings.

20. In 1741, Manhattan had the second-largest slave population of any city in the Thirteen Colonies after Charleston, South Carolina. Rumors of a conspiracy arose against a background of economic competition between poor whites and slaves; a severe winter; war between Britain and Spain, with heightened anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feelings; and recent slave revolts in South Carolina and Saint John in the Caribbean. In March and April 1741, a series of 13 fires erupted in Lower Manhattan, the most significant one within the walls of Fort George, then the home of the governor. After another fire at a warehouse, a slave was arrested after having been seen fleeing it. A 16-year- old Irish indentured servant, Mary Burton, arrested in a case of stolen goods, testified against the others as participants in a supposedly growing conspiracy of poor whites and blacks to burn the city, kill the white men, take the white women for themselves, and elect a new king and governor.

21. In the spring of 1741 fear gripped Manhattan as fires burned across all the inhabited areas of the island. The suspected culprits were New York's slaves, some 200 of whom were arrested and tried for conspiracy to burn the town and murder its white inhabitants. As in the Salem witch trials and the Court examining the Denmark Vesey plot in Charleston, a few witnesses implicated many other suspects. In the end, over 100 people were hanged, exiled, or burned at the stake. Most of the convicted people were hanged or burnt – how many is uncertain. The bodies of two supposed ringleaders, Caesar, a slave, and John Hughson, a white cobbler and tavern keeper, were gibbeted. Their corpses were left to rot in public. Seventy-two men were deported from New York, sent to Newfoundland, various islands in the West Indies, and the Madeiras. The reconstructed gallows-style gibbet at Caxton Gibbet,

22. Slavery in British colonies During most of the British colonial period, slavery existed in all the colonies. People enslaved in the North typically worked as house servants, artisans, laborers and craftsmen, with the greater number in cities. Many men worked on the docks and in shipping. In 1703, more than 42 percent of New York City households enslaved people, the second-highest proportion of any city in the colonies after Charleston, South Carolina. But enslaved people were also used as agricultural workers in farm communities, including in areas of upstate New York and Long Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. By 1770 there were 397,924 Blacks in a population of 2.17 million. They were unevenly distributed. There were 14,867 in New England where they were 2.7% of the population; 34,679 in the mid-Atlantic colonies where they were 6% of the population (19,000 were in New York or 11%); and 347,378 in the five southern Colonies were they were 31% of the population

23. First anti-slavery causes 1735 In 1735, the Georgia Trustees enacted a law prohibiting slavery in the new colony, which had been established in 1733 to enable the "worthy poor" as well as persecuted European Protestants to have a new start. Slavery was then legal in the other twelve English colonies. Neighboring South Carolina had an economy based on the use of enslaved labor. The Georgia Trustees wanted to eliminate the risk of slave rebellions and make Georgia better able to defend against attacks from the Spanish to the south, who offered freedom to escaped enslaved people. James Edward Oglethorpe was the driving force behind the colony, and the only trustee to reside in Georgia. He opposed slavery on moral grounds as well as for pragmatic reasons, and vigorously defended the ban on slavery against fierce opposition from Carolina merchants of enslaved people and land speculators. James Edward Oglethorpe by Alfred Edmund Dyer

24. About 600 slaves were kidnapped to america About 600,000 slaves were transported to America, or 5% of the 12 million slaves taken from Africa. About 310,000 of these pamericaersons were imported into the Thirteen Colonies before 1776: 40% directly and the rest from the Caribbean. Slaves transported to America: 1620–1700.....21,000 1701–1760....189,000 1761–1770.....63,000 1771–1790.....56,000 1791–1800.....79,000 1801–1810....124,000 1810–1865.....51,000

25. 1860 89 % 0f 4,44 million , 3,95 million slaves in US The number of enslaved and free blacks rose from 759,000 (60,000 free) in the 1790 US Census to 4,450,000 (11% free or 480,000) a 580% increase in the 1860 US Census. The white population from 3.2 million to 27 million an increase of 1180% due to high birth rates and 4.5 million immigrants overwhelmingly from Europe, 70% of whom arrived in the years 1840–1860. The percentage of the Black population went from 19.3% to 14.1%. 1790 757,208 19.3% of population of whom 697,681 92% enslaved 1860 4,441,830 14.1% of population of whom 3,953,731 89% enslaved.

26. Historic Southern United states Historic Southern United States. The states in light red were considered "border states", and gave varying degrees of support to the Southern cause although they remained in the Union. This illustration depicts the original, trans-Allegheny borders of Virginia, thus does not show West Virginia separately. Although members of the Five Tribes in Indian Territory (today part of Oklahoma) aligned themselves with the Confederacy, the region is not shaded because at the time it was a territory, not a state.

27. Alabama Arkansas Delaware Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia

28. Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia There were no laws regarding slavery early in Virginia's history. But, in 1640, a Virginia court sentenced John Punch, an African, to slavery after he attempted to flee his service. The two whites with whom he fled were sentenced only to an additional year of their indenture, and three years' service to the colony. This marked the first legal sanctioning of slavery in the English colonies and was one of the first legal distinctions made between Europeans and Africans.

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33. United States banned the importation of slaves in 1807–08 The United States banned the importation of slaves in 1807–08. A brisk domestic slave trade developed; many thousands of black slaves were sold by slaveholders in the Upper South to buyers in the Deep South, in what amounted to a significant forced migration. Early in 1811, while Louisiana was yet the U.S. Territory of Orleans, the largest slave revolt in American history began about thirty miles outside of New Orleans (or a greater distance if traveled alongside the twisting Mississippi River), as slaves rebelled against the brutal work regimens of sugar plantations. There had been a sizable influx of refugee French planters from the former French colony of Saint-Domingue following the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), who brought their slaves of African descent with them. This influence was likely a contributing factor in the revolt. The German Coast Uprising ended with white militias and soldiers hunting down black slaves, peremptory tribunals or trials in three parishes (St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, and Orleans), execution of many of the rebels, and the public display of their severed heads.

34. Native Americans using slaves Native Americans enslaved members of their own and other tribes before and after Europeans arrived, continuing into the 1800s; enslaved people might or might not be adopted eventually, especially if enslaved as children; and the enslavement might or might not be hereditary. Slaves included captives from wars and slave raids; captives bartered from other tribes, sometimes at great distances; children sold by their parents during famines; and men and women who staked themselves in gambling when they had nothing else, which put them into servitude in some cases for life. Native Americans also captured and enslaved some early European explorers and colonists, and were enslaved themselves by the colonists, starting with the Spanish in the 1500s. Native Americans were enslaved by the Spanish in Florida under the encomienda system. New England and the Carolinas captured Native Americans in wars and distributed them as slaves.

35. Native Americans Native Americans had lived in the south for nearly 12,000 years. They were defeated by settlers in a series of wars ending in the War of 1812 and the Seminole Wars, and most were removed west to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma and Kansas), but large numbers of Native Americans managed to stay behind by blending into the surrounding society. This was especially true of the wives of Euro-American merchants and miners

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39. "The United States Senate, A.D. 1850" (engraving by Peter F. Rothermel): Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Vice President Millard Fillmore presides as John C. Calhoun (to the right of the Speaker's chair) and Daniel Webster (seated to the left of Clay) look on.

41. Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 (10 Stat. 277) was a territorial organic act that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas, passed by the 33rd United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin Pierce. In his 1853 inaugural address, President Franklin Pierce expressed hope that the Compromise of 1850 had settled the debate over the issue of slavery in the territories. The compromise had allowed slavery in Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory, which had been acquired in the Mexican–American War. The Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery in territories north of the 36°30′ parallel, remained in place for the other U.S. territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, including a vast unorganized territory often referred to as "Nebraska".

42. Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War. It also set Texas's western and northern borders and included provisions addressing fugitive slaves and the slave trade. The compromise was brokered by Whig senator Henry Clay and Democratic senator Stephen Douglas with the support of President Millard Fillmore.

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44. Division of states during the Civil War. Blue represents Union states, including those admitted during the war; light blue represents border states; red represents Confederate states. Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states#/media/File:USA_Map_1864_including_Civil_War_Divisions.png

45. Territories Union states that banned slavery Union states that permitted slavery States that seceded after April 15, 1861 US Slavery States that seceded before April 15, 1861

46. American Civil war War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery. The war effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate generals throughout the Southern states followed suit, the last surrender on land occurring June 23. Much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million black slaves were freed.

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49. End of slavery At the start of the Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Eleven of these slave states, after conventions devoted to the topic, issued declarations of secession from the United States and created the Confederate States of America and were represented in the Confederate Congress. The slave states that stayed in the Union, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky (called border states) remained seated in the U.S. Congress. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863, Tennessee was already under Union control. Accordingly, the Proclamation applied only to the 10 remaining Confederate states. During the war, abolition of slavery was required by President Abraham Lincoln for readmission of Confederate states. The U.S. Congress, after the departure of the powerful Southern contingent in 1861, was generally abolitionist: In a plan endorsed by Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the District of Columbia, which the Southern contingent had protected, was abolished in 1862. The Union- occupied territories of Louisiana and eastern Virginia, which had been exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, also abolished slavery through respective state constitutions drafted in 1864. The State of Arkansas, which was not exempt but which in part came under Union control by 1864, adopted an anti-slavery constitution in March of that year. The border states of Maryland (November 1864) and Missouri (January 1865), the Union-occupied Confederate state, Tennessee (January 1865), and the new state of West Virginia, separated from Virginia in 1863 over the issue of slavery, abolished slavery in February 1865, prior to the end of the Civil War.

50. Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution The Missouri Compromise, 1821 The Northwest Ordinance (slavery excluded), 1787 Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority Exclusion of slavery by Congressional action, 1861 Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799) and New Jersey (starting 1804) Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862 Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863 1821 1861 1787 1799-1804 Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 1861 Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War 1862 Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864 1865 Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states#/media/File:Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg