The Progressives

1. The Progressives

2. Important Ideas • 1st national reform movement • Comes from the era of the “bosses” • Saw government as a protector, not an oppressor • Spawned an activist state • Sought to regulate the economy • Wanted to manage society

3. Roots of Progressive Movement • Came from the Depression of 1893 • Families lost their homes • Mass unemployment • Huge gap between rich and poor • New immigration • Labor problems of a new industrial society • Hundreds of strikes • Violence • Paternalistic feeling by Middle Class

4. Goals • Efficient government • Honest politics • Regulation of business • Orderly economy • Social justice • Welfare • Children • Women • workers • Purify • Alcohol • Drugs • Prostitution • slums

5. The Progressive Movement. . . • . . used the organization, management, and scientific advancements of industry. • . .signified the evolving landscape of shifting values in the emerging industrial cities of the nation. • . .involved mostly middle-class residents of the cities who took civic responsibility seriously (Social Gospel idea)

6. Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair The Jungle • Jane Addams The Story of Hull House • Ida Tarbell History of Standard Oil Company • Frank Norris The Octopus and McTeague • Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities and Tweed Days in St. Louis • Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives • Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie, The Financier, and The Titan • “Ashcan” school • Photographer Alfred Stieglitz • Painters John Sloan and George Bellows • Magazines • McClure’s • Collier’s • Cosmopolitan

7. Progressive Reformers • John Dewey—1896 modern education • John B. Watson—behaviorism • Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. 1902 • Supreme Court interpretation according to changing society • Louis Brandeis 1908 • Muller v Oregon • “Brandeis Brief” 102 pages of damages caused by working long hours

8. 4 Cs • Control of corporation • Conservation of resources • Citizen protection • Changing the government

9. Control of Corporation • TR’s “Square Deal” for labor • Mediate coal miner’s strike in 1902 • Trust Busters • Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 • Ineffective until TR (Northern Securities, Standard Oil, and 40 others) • Elkins Act 1903 and Hepburn Act 1906 • Gave ICC power to enforce regulation • William Howard Taft • Suits against over 66 companies • Mann-Elkins Act 1910 –ICC includes telephone, telegraph • Woodrow Wilson New Freedom • Clayton Anti-trust Act 1914 • Federal Trade Commission 1914 • Federal Reserve Act 1914 (banking) • Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 • Child Labor Act 1916

10. Conservation of Resources • TR • Used Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 m. acres as national reserve • Newlands Act 1902—public money for irrigation projects • Establishes the National Conservation Commission (Gifford Pinchot) in 1908 • 1906 Antiquities Act used to establish national parks like Yellowstone

11. Citizen Protection • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 • Meat Inspection Act 1906 • 1908 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People formed by members of the Niagra Movement under leadership of W. E. B. DuBois • Settlement houses like Hull House started by Jane Addams and Frances Kelley • Temperance movement –Anti-Saloon League (Carrie Nation) • 18th Amendment--prohibition • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) formed in 1900 by Carrie Chapman Catt • 19th Amendment (1920) gives women the right to vote • Chicago “Vice” Squad • Crack down on prostitution • Mann Act—cannot transport women across state lines for illegal purposes

12. Changing Government • 16th Amendment—income tax • City commissions and managers • Secret ballot (Australian) • Direct primaries (promoted by Gov. Robert LaFollette to eliminate “bosses”) • 17th Amendment—Direct election of Senators • Initiative—voters suggest a bill to legislature • Referendum—voters actually propose law • Recall—voters remove corrupt politican • 20th Amendment—new dates for officials to take office—eliminates “lame duck” practices