INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

1. TOWNPLANNINGANDARTIFACTSOFTHE HARAPPANCIVILIZATION MANISHPALIWAL CLASS- 12 HUMANITIES SUBJECT- HISTORY

4. Introduction :- An advanced stage of human cultural development is called as Civilization. Traits (character/qualities) of civilization are a) Evolution of cities b) Surplus (extra/excess) Food c) Division of labour d) System of writing e) Monumental (massive/huge)Public buildings f) Development of technology INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

5. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION • Indus valley civilization was discovered in 20th century. • Indus valley civilization is known for its Harappanculture. • It is also called as HarappanCivilization after the name of the first site: Harappansite, that was found in the Indus region in 1921. • In 1922, second site: Mohenjo-Daro was found. • In 1901 – Sir John Marshal revealed the Harappancivilization.

6. SOURCES OF HARAPPA • No adequate written records are available to get the knowledge of Harappancivilization. So, the knowledge that we have about it is entirely based on the archaeological remains such as buildings, pottery, sculpture, seals ,cemeteries etc… • The major sources of our information are: 1) The Great Bath 2) The Citadel 3) Seals 4) Script

7. GREAT BATH The great bath at Mohenjo-Daro is a huge structure. It denotes that the art of building had reached a high degree of perfection. It denotes the existence of ruling class which built such huge structures for the public. Burnt bricks were used to build it. It had flight of steps on North and South leading to the tank. The walls of the pool were made watertight, specially-made bricks and gypsum mortar. It might have been used for religious purposes. It shows advanced planning with features like water supply and drainage. THE GREAT BATH

8. THECITADEL The raised area of each city was called as the Citadel. The area was raised with the help of mud brick platforms. Ruling class had their houses in this area along with other important buildings like the Great Bath, Granary, Assembly Hall and the Workshops. It denotes advanced planning. We can call it an urban civilization. THE CITADEL

9. SEALS The seals used by Harappansshow their artistic skills. 2000 seals have been discovered. It comprises of seals with one horned bull, buffalo, tiger, goat, elephant and rhinoceros. Seals were Rectangular, Square or Circular. PashupatiSeal shows that they believed Shiva. Unicorn Seal shows their mythical beliefs. Seals were used by traders to stamp their goods. Seals were pressed on the layer of wet clay after tying the knot to the bag of goods. Seals were found in different areas. HARAPPAN SEALS

10. SCRIPT Harappans used a pictographic script with signs representing birds, fish and humans. 375 to 400 number of Harappan scripts were found. Scripts were inscribed (to write with pressure) on seals, copper tools, rims of jars, copper and terracotta tablets, jewellery and ancient signboard. In some cases it is written from right to left and in some it is from left to right. SCRIPTS

11. URBAN PLANNING • Six Major HarappanCities included: • Harappa- Montgomery district in Punjab. • Mohenjo-Daro in Larkana district in Sindh (now in Pakistan). • Both the cities are linked by river Indus hence called as Indus valley civilisation. • Chanhudaro {near Mohenjo-Daro- South} • Lothal in Gujarat • Kalibangan {Rajasthan} • Banawali {Hissar, Haryana}

13. URBANPLANNING The Indus cities followed Grid Pattern. Each city was divided into two parts: Citadel and the Lower town. Streets also followed a grid pattern. Houses at street corners were rounded to allow carts to pass easily House drains emptied all waste water into the street drains. Houses were not allowed to encroach upon the streets. House drains were connected to main drain. At regular intervals it had manholes for inspection and cleaning. Provision of drainage clearly indicates their concern about sanitation and health. STREET PATTERN

14. HOUSES Residential buildings were built on high mound to protect from floods. Houses were spacious with rooms and bathrooms. Each house had covered drains connected with street drains. Houses were single/double storeyedHouses had courtyard and kitchen. Houses were made of wood and brick. Each house had doors and windows. Doors and windows opened on side of the street and not on the main roads. RESIDENTIAL HOUSES

15. TRADE • Granaries, seals, script, regulated weight and measures in a wide area indicate the existence of a highly developed system of trade. • Harappans not only traded with others part of India but also with other countries in Asia. • Barter system was used by them. They traded stone, metal, shell etc. • Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Lothal were important centres for metallurgy. Tools, kitchenware and other objects were produced here.

16. TRADE Rice was imported from Gujarat to Punjab. Lothal and Surkotada provided cotton. Balakot and Chanhudaro were centres for bangle making. Lothaland Chanhudaro manufactured beads. They had a trading colony in northern Afghanistan. Mesopotamia traded with Meluha (ancient name of the Indus region) Export and Import was done during this period. Gold was imported from Karnataka & Afghanistan, Copper from Rajasthan/South India/Baluchistan/Arabia, Lead from East or South India HARAPPAN TRADE

17. DECLINE OF THE CIVILIZATION 1800 BC Floods and Climate Change: Heavy rainfall affected agriculture and stock breeding. Decrease in fertile land because of the expansion of the near by desert. Sudden floods can be a few reasons for the decline. Deforestation: Indus valley was Bronze Age civilisation so enormous quantities of wood was needed to produce bronze. Wood was also needed to produce jewellery, pottery, bake bricks, boats, furniture etc thus leading to deforestation causing the climatic change. Attack: Aryans might have invaded the city.  THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION

18. THANK YOU PRESENTED BY MANISH PALIWAL