Native Americans

1. Native Americans

2. What is Manifest Destiny? The divine belief that the United States� destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean and across the Western lands.

3. Stages of Conflict The Indian Wars began when Europeans arrived and lasted 350 years � it is the longest war on record. In the name of Manifest Destiny: Stage 1: Removal Stage 2: Assimilation Stage 3: Termination Stage 4: Self-determination

4. Stage One of Indian Wars:East of the Mississippi

5. Early Encounters Pequot War (1636-1638) � first major conflict between colonists and Native people. Pequot were a tribe of approx. 8,000 who lived in Southeastern Connecticut. Conflict was retaliation for a suspected murder of Englishmen in addition to other disputes over land and trade. The combined forces of the English, Narragansetts and Mohegans attack the Pequot fort at Mystic killing about 600 Pequots. Surviving tribe members are divided between the Native allies of the English or placed into slavery among English colonists. 

6. Early Encounters King Philip�s War (1675) Metacom (King Philip to the English) ascends to Chieftaincy of Wampanoag. Conflict builds over land and trade needs between colonists of Plymouth and Natives. Metacom negotiates alliances with other tribes to fight the English. Conflict stretched from Swansea to New Hampshire and killed one in ten fighters. Ended with the death of Metacom at the hands of another Wampanoag fighting with the colonists.

7. Early Encounters French and Indian War (1756-1763) French and British engage in the Seven Years War North America was one theatre of the larger conflict Native Americans fight with the less threatening French to expel the British. British are victorious! France�s Indian allies suffer greatly as empowered colonists expand into territory formerly held by the French.

8. Pontiac�s Rebellion Native Americans lose French and Indian War British colonists start to move West into Indian territory. Ottawa Chief Pontiac led uprising attacking British forts throughout Ohio River Valley. Killed more than 200 traders and settlers. Small pox infected blankets and biological warfare?? British sign peace treaties with the Indians = Proclamation Line of 1763

9. Shaky treaty between British colonists and Indians. Established western frontier. It wouldn�t last� Proclamation Line of 1763

10. The Louisiana Purchase Map of U.S. in 1783 1803 � Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston sent to buy Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte. This included port of New Orleans. U.S. paid $15 million!! 817,000 square miles = $.04 per acre!! What a bargain! What did he buy and why??

11. The Lewis and Clark Expedition The new land had to be explored!

12. Shoshone Chief, Cameahwait, Greets Lewis and Clark�s ExpeditionPainting by J.K. Ralston, 1964

18. Stage Two of Indian Wars:West of the Mississippi

20. Northern and Eastern American Boundaries Solidified

21. Texan Independence and Annexation1836-1845

22. United States-1850Victory in the Mexican-American War secures America�s Manifest Destiny and opens new territory to settlement.

24. California Gold Rush, 1849

25. Many Trails Lead West

26. San Francisco Bay

29. Beyond the Mississippi See Video, �Westward the Course of Empire Makes Its Way� Take notes on the information presented keeping the following statement in mind: The Indian Wars were about �Incompatible visions of America� �the promise and sorrow of the American Dream�

31. Homesteading

32. The Settling of the Great Plains What is the mood of this painting? How does it differ with reality of pioneer living?

33. Encroachment of Indian Territory As settlement spread west, the borders of Indian Territory came under increasing pressure. Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 Massacre of Sand Creek, CO in 1864: John Chivington conducted a raid of protected Indian lands and killed over 150 inhabitants. Fetterman Massacre along Bozeman Trail: Crazy Horse ambushed U.S. military killing over 80 soldiers. Second Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868: created second reservation system for Plains Indians (Sioux) to prevent conflict. Truce would not last�

34. Bloody Battles Continue Battle of Little Big Horn of 1876: Custer�s Last Stand War erupted between miners and Sioux Government responds Sitting Bull and Red Cloud are ready! More than 210 U.S. soldiers (including Custer) are killed. Meanwhile war raged in American Southwest against the Apache led by Geronimo and the Navajo.

36. The Massacre at Wounded Knee The last armed conflict west of the Mississippi River. Ghost Dance ritual sparks fears in Americans U.S. Military dispatched to arrest Sitting Bull and amid confusion shot and killed him. Other Sioux were rounded up and kept at a camp called Wounded Knee. Next day soldiers opened fire on 300 unarmed Indians at the encampment.

37. Stage Three of Indian Wars:Assimilation

38. The Dawes Act of 1887�Kill the Indian, Save the Man� Read Arthur�s Address to Congress �Americanization� of Indians. Indian schools to �take the Indian out of Natives.� Creation of smaller reservations ultimately revoking previously promised lands grants.

39. Americanization�Assimilation Boarding schools (on and off of reservations) Required parent consent, but coercion was common as a quota from each reservation had to be met. Separated sometimes forcefully from families. Immersed in American culture and traditions in order to eliminate all memory of Indian life: Language Religion Rituals Appearance Names Vocational training for boys and domestication of girls �rented out� during the summer to neighboring industries

40. Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 To honor Indians who were WWI veterans "The Indian, though a man without a country, the Indian who has suffered a thousand wrongs considered the white man's burden and from mountains, plains and divides, the Indian threw himself into the struggle to help throttle the unthinkable tyranny of the Hun. The Indian helped to free Belgium, helped to free all the small nations, helped to give victory to the Stars and Stripes. The Indian went to France to help avenge the ravages of autocracy. Now, shall we not redeem ourselves by redeeming all the tribes?" To encourage Americanization and assimilation to mainstream culture. To eliminate reservations. This effort would continue up and through the Civil Rights Movement

41. Citizenship: Good or Bad? Some tribes feared they would have to give up their own sovereignty and the federal government would deny its treaty obligations. In the words of one Native American -- "United States citizenship was just another way of absorbing us and destroying our customs and our government. How could these Europeans come over and tell us we were citizens in our country? We had our own citizenship. By its [the Citizenship Act of 1924] provisions all Indians were automatically made United States citizens whether they wanted to be so or not. This was a violation of our sovereignty. Our citizenship was in our nations." On the other hand, there were Native Americans who saw voting as a right that had been denied to them too long -- "The Indians aren't allowed to have a voice in state affairs because they aren't voters. All they [the politicians] have to do out there is to look out for the interests of the Indians. Just why the Indians shouldn't vote is something I can't understand. One of the Indians went over to Old Town once to see some official in the city hall about voting. I don't know just what postion that official had over there, but he said to the Indian, 'We don't want you people over here. You have your own elections over on the island, and if you want to vote, go over there.' "

42. The Tragedy Uncovered Read the 24 page document (!!): http://www1.hudson.k12.ma.us/teachers/lvivirito/files/Problem%20of%20Indian%20Administration.doc Complete the following task: Write a formal thesis statement that summarizes your understanding concerning the condition of the Native American population at the time of the study. Identify and describe five findings of the survey with regard to the condition of American Indian life that support your thesis and cite the location of your evidence. Be prepared to discuss in class tomorrow.

43. Reform through Protest Indian Claims Commission � post WWII Beginning of land acquisition and reparation payments. Era of Termination Policy. Civil Rights Movement emboldens tribal leaders to seek justice. Creation of the American Indian Movement Overtaking of Alcatraz Island Seized the reservation at Wounded Knee Occupation of Bureau of Indian Affairs building. Congress passed Indian Self-determination and Education Assistance Acts. Disavowed Termination Policy

44. Federal Recognition of Tribes According to the BIA Branch of Acknowledgment and Research ��since 1900, [the tribe] must comprise a distinct community and have existed as a community from historical times, it must have political influence over its members, it must have membership criteria, and it must have membership that consists of individuals who descend from a historical Indian tribe and who are not enrolled in any other tribe.� Recognition of tribal lands Tribes have the power to regulate their affairs within their borders � similar to a state government. There are 558 recognized tribes in the United States. The truth about casinos! Read President Clinton�s Remarks Some interesting facts! The Obama Administration�s Promises

45. Native American Relations Today Read your assigned article and summarize the major points Be prepared to discuss your findings and be ready to provide specific examples to emphasize your points. Native American mascot debate