Well Completion Fundamentals

1. Well Completions Fundamentals by Ogbarode N. Ogbon

2. Course Content Introduction Bottom Hole Completion Techniques Perforation Upper Hole Completion Production String & Christmas Tree Packers Tubular Configuration in Completion Horizontal Completions Christmas Tree

3. Introduction to Well Completions Fundamentals

4. After thorough analysis of formation evaluation data, a decision is reached either to complete the well or abandon it. Well will be abandoned by plugging it in if its production is not of commercial value. An abandoned well can be reopened in the future if oil prices justify its commercial viability. When well production is commercially viable, it is completed for production. Introduction to Well Completion

5. Well Completion Well Completion Process is the design, selection and installation of equipment/devices and the specification of treatment and procedures necessary to bring the well into production to satisfy the objectives of the overall field development Well Completion must allow a safe and controlled flow of petroleum from the well It involves joint effort with other sub-disciplines such as production engineering and reservoir engineering Introduction to Well Completion

6. Major Processes of Well Completion Setting of production casing (if required) Displace drilling fluid with completion fluid Perforation of Production Casing Installation of production tubing and set with packer to Isolate pay zone Swabbing (if necessary) Installation of Christmas Tree Introduction to Well Completion Christmas Tree

7. Introduction to Well Completion Summary of Completion Process

8. Key Objectives Provision of Optimum Well Production or Injection Performance Safety Across Entire Completion Spectrum Maximization of the Integrity and Reliability of the Completion Minimum Operational Cost for Initial Completion and Workover Per Unit Volume of Produced or Injected Fluid Introduction to Well Completion

9. Factors For Consideration in Completion Process Design Fluids to Fill Wellbore During Completion Formation Fluid Wellbore Entry Specification Open Hole Perforated Completion Bottom Hole Completion Technique Specifications Completion String Design Production Conduit(Tubing) Selection Potential of oil production and the planning of tertiary recovery, i.e. do we need any artificial lift in the future? Introduction to Well Completion

10. Types of Flow Casing Flow: Large flowrate. No tubing is required. Used mostly in Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries. Tubing and Annulus Flow: Large flowrate. When flow segregation is needed. Tubing Flow: Offers more safety. Uses one tubing string or more. Introduction to Well Completion

11. Bottom Hole Completion Techniques

12. Bottom Hole Completion Techniques The bottom-hole completion technique specifies how the reservoir fluid should enter the wellbore Types of Bottom-Hole completion Techniques OPEN HOLE(Barefoot Completion) For Very Hard and Competent Formation Production Casing Cemented on Top of Pay Zone Wellbore Left Bare Has Higher Inflow Performance Commonly Used in Multilateral Wells Not Adaptable for Selective Control of Fluid Production Bottom-Hole Completion Techniques

13. WELL COMPLETION TECHNIQUES • Types of Bottom Hole Completion Techniques • Liner Completions • Screen or Pre-Slotted Liner Completion • Production Casing Cemented on Top of Pay Zone • A Screen or Pre-slotted Pipe is Hanged from Production Casing and Set Over Pay Zone • Screen Provides Stability for Unconsolidated Formations • Mostly Applicable in Horizontal well Completions through Unconsolidated Zones

14. WELL COMPLETION TECHNIQUES • Types of Bottom Hole Completion Techniques • Liner Completions • Perforated Liner Completion • Cemented Liner is then Perforated

15. Bottom Hole Completion Techniques Perforated Completion Production Casing Set and Cemented Over Pay Zone and Perforated WELL COMPLETION TECHNIQUES

16. Bottom Hole Completion Techniques Perforated Tubingless or Reduced Diameter Completion Production tubing is cemented and perforated for production. WELL COMPLETION TECHNIQUES

17. Perforations

18. Definition Piercing of Wellbore Walls Into Formation to Allow Formation Fluid Flow into Wellbore Perforation Objectives Provision of an Undamaged and Clean Access Between the Wellbore and Formation Ensuring the Shooting OR Piercing of Smooth and Round Holes in the Casing and Cement Enabling Maximum Flow Rate With Minimum Number of Perforations Causing Minimum Damage to Casing and Cement Penetration of Pay Zone as Far as Possible PERFORATION

19. Perforation Fluids This is the fluid that placed against the producing formation during perforation. Ideally, fluid should have no solids. Types of Perforation Fluids Salt water: Clean water poses no problem. When overbalanced, may push charge debris into formation. Acetic acid: Excellent perforating fluid under most conditions. The presence of H2S may magnify corrosion problems. Nitrogen: Useful in low pressure formations, or when associated with high rig time or swabbing costs, or when a special test requires formation to be free from contamination. PERFORATION

20. Perforation Methods Bullet Perforation Carried Out by Multi-Barrel Gun Run into Hole on Wireline Detonated on Surface Bullets Leave Clean Hole and Cause Little Damage to Casing and Cement Multi-Barrel Gun PERFORATION Gun Barrel in Well Detonator

21. Bullet Perforation Technique Perforation

22. Jet Perforation Process Piercing Done By Shaped-Charged Explosives Perforation Achieved With a Jet of High-Pressure and High Velocity Gas Perforation Job Completed

23. Thru-Tubing Perforation Gun Lowered through Tubing and Perforation Through Casing and Into Formation Guns are By Far Smaller and More Powerful FORMATION During Perforation After Perforation Perforation Charges Going Out Formation Fluid Flowing in

24. Upper Completions

25. Upper-Hole Completion • This involved the installation of the production tubing, its accessories and the Christmas Tree • The production tubing is normally fasted to the production casing with a sealing element device called packer

26. Xmas Tree Approximate Depths Hydraulic Control Line <2,000’ Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve - SCSSV Tubing 9,800’ Packer Tailpipe 10,000’ Perforations Upper-Hole Completion • Production String • Conduit for Formation Fluid Flow to Surface • Components • Tubing • Connected to (Suspended on) the Christmas Tree on the Surface • Stabilised and Held Stationary in Casing in the Pay Zone by Packers

27. Production String Production Tubing and Major Accessories • Subsurface Safety Valve • Provides Well Emergency Shut Down • Remote Controlled • Direct Controlled • Side Pocket Mandrel • For Gas Lift Mandrels • Sliding Side Door • For Tubing Entry • No go Nipples • Blast Joint (optional) • Circulating Devices, etc

28. Packers Tool used to form an annular seal between two concentric strings of pipe OR Tool used to form an annular seal between the pipe and the wall of the open hole It is anchored on Top of the Production Zone by its Own Expansion Against the Internal Wall of Casing During the Setting Process, The Packing Elements Expand and form Perfect Seal With the Tubing and the Casing Isolates the Production Zone Creates Room for the Formation Fluid to be Forced up into Tubing. Packers

29. Packer Fluids Fluid placed above the topmost packer but never mud. Requirements for Packet Fluid Must be chemically stable. Acceptable upper limit of corrosivity is 5 mils per year or if possible, about 1 mil per year. Packer fluid must have limited settling of solids. It must provide protection for corrosion or embrittlement Packers Reservoir fluid Packer fluid Tubing Production Casing Reservoir

30. Single Zone Completion Conduit Single Tubing Run Into Single Producing Zone Has High Producing Rates Good for Corrosive Well Fluids Good for High Pressure Well Offers Varieties of Hook-up Possibilities Tubingless Casing Flow Casing and Tubing Flow Tubing Flow Without Annular Isolation Tubing Flow With Annular Isolation Completion Tubular Configuration Single Zone

31. Multiple Completion One well Goes Through Several Pay Zones Types of Multiple Completions Single String - Single Packer Involves Both Tuning and Annular Flow Tubing Point at Annular Flow Zone Must be Pressure Protected Least Expensive Among Multiple Techniques Casing is Subject to Corrosion and Production Pressure Difficulty in Installation of Artificial Lift Remedial work NOT Possible in Upper Zone Without Disturbance of Lower Zone Completion Tubular Configuration Single String/Packer

32. Single String-Two Packer A Cross-Over Can allow Upper Layer to Flow Through Tubing Has Same Limitation of Single String-Single Packer Completion Tubular Configuration

33. Parallel String-Multiple Packer Allows Gas Lift Installation Allows Individual Zone Subsurface Safety Valve Installation Allows Wireline Workover Services It is Expensive Completion Tubular Configuration

34. Horizontal Well Completion

35. Multilateral Well Completion • These require specialized pre-frabricated devices and critical monitoring devices

36. Multilateral Well Completion

37. Definition Production Well Head Functions Controls Well Production Fluid Flow Means for Controlled Formation Fluid to Processing Facilities Controls Formation Pressure Controls Production Pressure Means for Entrance into Well or Formation for Other Production Services Christmas Tree

38. Components Casing Hanger (Housing) and Its Accessories Connects Christmas Tree to Casing Provides Means for Suspending Tubing Master Valves Two - Upper and Lower MV Always in the Axis of the Tubing Used to Close the Well in case of Emergency Wing Valves Two - with a Choke Body Mounted on Each Flow Branch A Studded Cross Channels Fluid Through the Wing Valves Swab Valve Located on the Axis of Each Tubing Allows Access to Tubing Internal for Wireline Operation Christmas Tree

39. Swab Valve (Wing Valve) Master Valves Flow Line Tubing TYPES OF CHRISTMAS TREES • Single Completion Christmas Tree Tubing Connection

40. Dual Completion Christmas Tree

41. Thank You