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Renewable Energy ResourcesKOE-074UNIT 1Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources Mahendra Dutt Dwivedi Asst. Prof. EN Department
KOE-074: Renewable Energy Resources Unit-I Introduction: Various non-conventional energy resources- Introduction, availability, classification, relative merits and demerits. Solar Cells: Theory of solar cells. Solar cell materials, solar cell array, solar cell power plant, limitations. Unit-II: Solar Thermal Energy: Solar radiation, flat plate collectors and their materials, applications and performance, focusing of collectors and their materials, applications and performance; solar thermal power plants, thermal energy storage for solar heating and cooling, limitations.
KOE-074: Renewable Energy Resources Unit-III: Geothermal Energy: Resources of geothermal energy, thermodynamics of geothermal energy conversion-electrical conversion, non-electrical conversion, environmental considerations. Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD): Principle of working of MHD Power plant, performance and limitations. Fuel Cells: Principle of working of various types of fuel cells and their working, performance and limitations.
KOE-074: Renewable Energy Resources Unit-IV: Thermo-electrical and thermionic Conversions: Principle of working, performance and limitations. Wind Energy: Wind power and its sources, site selection, criterion, momentum theory, classification of rotors, concentrations and augments, wind characteristics, performance and limitations of energy conversion systems. Unit-V: Bio-mass: Availability of bio-mass and its conversion theory. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): Availability, theory and working principle, performance and limitations. Wave and Tidal Wave: Principle of working, performance and limitations. Waste Recycling Plants
Text Books & Reference Books • Raja etal, “Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy Resources”Scitech Publications. • John Twideu and Tony Weir, “Renewal Energy Resources” BSP Publications, 2006. • M.V.R. Koteswara Rao, “Energy Resources: Conventional & Non-Conventional” BSP Publications,2006. • D.S. Chauhan,”Non-conventional Energy Resources” New Age International. • C.S. Solanki, “Renewal Energy Technologies: A Practical Guide for Beginners” PHI Learning. • Peter Auer, "Advances in Energy System and Technology". Vol. 1 & II Edited by Academic Press. • Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy Power For A Sustainable Future”, Oxford University Press.
Unit-1 Contents • Introduction: • Various non-conventional energy resources • Availability • Classification • Relative merits and demerits • Solar Cells: • Theory of solar cells • Solar cell materials • Solar cell array • Solar cell power plant • Limitations.
Introduction: • What is Energy? • The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is total amount of work that the body can do. • Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds work by human beings and nature. Everything what happens the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. • The Energy sources available can be divided into three types: • Primary Energy sources • Secondary fuels • Supplementary sources
Introduction: • Primary Energy sourcesare those which provide a net supply of energy. The energy required to obtain from these fuels is much less than what they can produce by combustion or nuclear reaction. The primary fuels only can accelerate growth but their supply is limited. Example: Coal, natural gases, oil and nuclear energy etc. • Secondary fuels are thosewhich produce no net energy, even though it is necessary for the economy. Example: Solar energy, wind energy, geo-thermal energy etc. • Supplementary sources are defined as those whose net energy yield is zero and those requiring highest investment in terms of energy. Example: insulation energy
Introduction: Different forms of energy:The different forms of energy are: • Mechanical energy (kinetic and potential) • Thermal (or) Heat energy • Chemical energy • Electrical energy • Nuclear energy • Electromagnetic energy • Gravitational energy
Energy Sources and their Availability: Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. We can broadly categorize these sources as commercial and noncommercial. The commercial sources include the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), hydro-electric power and nuclear power, while the noncommercial sources include wood, animal waste and agricultural wastes. Types of Energy Sources: • Conventional sources energy: These are accumulated in nature over a long span of time and cannot be quickly replenished when exhausted. These are known as non-conventional energy resources. i.e. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear fuels like uranium and thorium. • Non-conventional sources energy: These sources of energy can be used again in an endless manner. These can be generated continuously in nature and are inexhaustible. Eg. Solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy.
Non-Conventional Energy Sources: • Using energy from sources which cannot be used up – sun, wind, water and waves – supports sustainable development by reducing carbon emissions. This contributes to increasing energy and climate security for many communities across the world. • Renewable energy comes from sources which cannot be used up, such as wind, sun, water and waves, rather than from fossil fuels such as oil and coal. To Sum Up in Brief: • Wind • Biomass • Solar • Hydroelectric • Geothermal • Wave and Tidal
Conventional Energy Sources: • Energy is used for heating, cooking, transportation and manufacturing. Energy can be generally classified as non-renewable and renewable. • Over 85% of the energy used in the world is from non-renewable supplies. Most developed nations are dependent on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels (coal and oil) and nuclear power. • These sources are called non-renewable because they cannot be renewed or regenerated quickly enough to keep pace with their use. • Conventional energy sources are: • Fossil fuel energy • Hydraulic energy • Nuclear energy
Wind Energy- Introduction & Availability : • Wind power is usually generated by wind turbines situated either onshore or offshore. Kinetic energy of wind is measured as cubic proportion to its velocity, and is being use foe centuries in water pumping, wind mills, irrigating fields and navigation. • Wind energy is utilized by means of wind mill. Many projects on the wind mill systems foe water pumping and for production of small amount of electrical power have been taken up in our country. Following are some of the developments. • CAZRI wind mill at jodhpur (Rajasthan). • WP-2 water pumping wind mill by NAL Bangalore. • MP-1 sail wind mill at NAL Bangalore. • Wind mills at central salt and Marine chemicals Research Institute Bhavnagar (Gujarat). • 12PU 500 wind mill at NAL Bangalore. • Madurai wind mill at Madurai (Tamil Nadu) • Tayabji wind mill at Tilonia near Ajmer (Rajasthan)
Wind Energy- Relative Merits & Demerits • Merits of wind energy: • Abundance availability for no price. • Useful at remote places also for electricity generation. • Non polluting and eco-friendly • Can be utilized for end user also such as hybrid energy sources e.g. wind-photovoltaic etc. • Suitable for power supply at off-shore and on-shore (such as hilly regions) sites. • Cheaper installation cost and almost negligible recurring expenses. • Demerits: • Less favorable in city locations as the wind is available at higher locations. • It is unreliable and intermittent. It is not available regularly. • Flow of wind is not guaranteed throughout the year. Therefore, its use for continuous supply power station is not feasible. • Due to fluctuating nature of wind blowing, the produced mechanical energy has to be stored by some means e.g. battery storage. • Present day wind energy systems are source of immense noise pollution.
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