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Plant Bioacoustic

this ppt explains about the plant perception. Plant can listen sound and perceive it and can respond to it. This PPT explains it along with the case studies and suggests that in detail study on this phenomenon can help us to develpo new mathods for crop improvement

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Plant Bioacoustic

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  1. PLANT BIOACOUSTICS: PLANT BIOACOUSTICS: DO PLANTS REALLY LISTEN AND TALK ??? DO PLANTS REALLY LISTEN AND TALK ??? Upasana Mohapatra II PhD, Plant Biotechnology UASB, GKVK, Bengaluru 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 1

  2. Contents Introduction Hypothetical model of sound perception Kind of Responses in Plant system Genes involved in Sound perception Case studies SWOT analysis 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 2

  3. Stefano Mancuso Italian biologist University of Florence Monica Gagliano Evolutionary ecologist University of Sydney Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 04/05/23 3

  4. Plants can call for help: Plant’s distress call- “It’s the plant's way of crying out for help” [freshly mown grass or cut flowers ] Plants can eavesdrop: Plants proactively upon perception of chemical signals of another plant (SOS cry; Salt Overly Sensitive pathway). can pace up their own defenses Plants can defend their territory: Push out competition by forming allelopathic chemicals such as Lupin roots secrete oxalic acid, which forms a protective barrier against the toxic chemicals given off by knapweed. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 4

  5. Timeline All communicating. We just don’t notice it.” He was the first to suggest in 1900 that plants could respond to music. around us, the plants are Plants can recognize when they’re growing next to a ‘bad neighbor’ and change their growth behavior accordingly, even when we remove all the channels of communication we know about. Experiments by Heidi Appel and Rex Cocroft at the University of Missouri mark the first time scientists have shown that a plant responds to an ecologically relevant sound in its environment. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 5

  6. Introduction- qBioacoustics is the branch of science concerned with sounds produced by or affecting living organisms, especially as relating to communication. qSound waves travel efficiently through soil and can be produced with minimal energy expenditure and might be exploited by plants as a means for interpreting their environment and surroundings. Acoustic signal as a sign of plant health condition: Listening to xylem clicking of leaves and root clicking revealed the health of plants through embolism phenomenon and active cell division process respectively. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 6

  7. Under tension becomes so high that dissolved air within water expands to fill xylem creating cavitation severe of water stress, xylem water in Zweifel and Zeugin, 2008, New Phytol. Gagliano et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 7

  8. More fascinating evidences of vibrational perception and subsequent cellular processing… I am listening….. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 8

  9. qChili seedlings quicken their growth when a nasty sweet fennel plant is nearby, sealed of from the chilies in a box that only transmits sound, not scent (in the form of chemical signal) qThe fennel releases chemicals that slow other plants' growth, so the researchers think the chili plants grow faster in anticipation of the chemicals but only because they hear the plant, not because they smell it. Gagliano, 2012, PLoS ONE 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 9

  10. Acoustics of plant herbivory Plants become defensive upon being eaten and releases glucosinolates when exposed to the vibrational playback recording of the insect chewing sound (Appel and Cocroft, 2014, Oecologia) vPriming reaction or “preparing for another battle”, a form of defense that prepares a plant to respond more quickly or more strongly to future herbivory. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 10

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  12. Experiment on Garden pea root hydrotropism (Gagliano et al., 2017, Oecologia) 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 12

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  15. RNA-seq revealed significant upregulation of 87 genes. 32- genes involved in abiotic stress responses 31 - pathogen responses 11- oxidation-reduction processes 5 - regulation of transcription 2 – protein phosphorylation or dephosphorylation 13- jasmonic acid or ethylene synthesis 2- genes in responses to mechanical stimulus were also induced by sound Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 04/05/23 15

  16. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 16

  17. Developed an original bioacoustic sensor capable of detecting early larvae activity of Red Palm Weevil in the interior of palms under Laboratory conditions. This device is based on characteristic Frequencies possibly related to their feeding activity. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 17

  18. Hypothetical model of sound perception and signal transduction in plant cell at cytoskeleton-plasma membrane-cell wall (CPMCW) interface. Ghosh et al., 2017, Sci Rep. Different types of responses 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 18

  19. Kind of Responses in Plant system 1. Cellular Responses 2. Physiological 3. Biochemical 4. Endogenous hormones 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 19

  20. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 20 Jung et al., 2018, Front Plant Sci.

  21. Cellular response Callus growth of Dendranthena, rice is increased Zha et al., 2003 & liu ET al., 2003 Sound at certain frequency & intensity Number of cells increased in S phase in chrysanthemum Liujuan et al., 2003 1000 Hz & 100 dB Transient formation of calllose in cotton seeds Currier & Websten, 1964 Ultra sound Positive effect on height of cowpeas at seedling stages Jun & Shiven , 2011 400 Hz sound waves, as well as cuckoo, cricket & mixed insect songs 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 21

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  23. Biochemical Physiological PM ,H+ATPase, SODase, CAT, APX Amylase in Callus Polyamines • Promoted germination • Absorption of nutrients • Photosynthesis • Protein synthesis etc ¨ ¨ ¨ Endogenous hormones q IAA q GA 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 23

  24. Intensities of 90, 100 or 110 dB, as well as a control, for one hour a day for one month. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 24

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  26. Salvia splendens responded to the sound wave by improving growth, physiological parameters. and biochemical 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 26

  27. Any Genes involved in it? 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 27

  28. Are they Sound Specific ? 1. ald mRNAexpansion increased significantly at 125 and 250 Hz 2. Decreased at 50Hz 3. Hence are frequency specific Note: showed same result in dark and light condition. Mi-Jeong et al., 2008 Thus confirmed the increase in mRNA expression was only due to sound stimulation, excluding other factors. Also genes are regulated or stimulated by specific range of sound frequency. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 28

  29. “BUZZ” pollination: Pollen is released from flowers only upon vibration at the appropriate/selective buzz frequency produced by bees that have coevolved during evolution process enabling the plants to distinguish between pollen thieves and true pollinators. (Gagliano, 2013, Behav Ecol., De Luca and Vallejo-Marin, 2013, Curr Opin Plant Biol.) 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 29

  30. Background : • Both emission and detection of sound by plants indicate that plants have the ability to detect acoustic vibrations and exhibit frequency-selective sensitivity. • (i.e., plants respond to the same range of frequencies that they emit themselves) that, in turn, generates behavioral modifications Rationale of the study: • A rapid reaction to airborne sound has never been reported for plants; neither has the biological function of any plant response to airborne sound been identified. • Test rapid plant responses to airborne sound in the context of plant–pollinator interactions. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 30

  31. Material and Method 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 31

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  33. RESULTS 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 33

  34. RESULTS 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 34

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  36. Conclusion • Flowers vibrate in response to airborne sound at pollinator’s frequency range, and increase nectar sugar concentration. • Glass covered flowers do not respond (middle), suggesting that the flower serves as the plant’s ‘ear’. • The flowers response is frequency specific, and they do not vibrate or respond to frequencies around 35 kHz 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 36

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  38. Background : Sound waves affect various physiological processes such as biotic, abiotic stress response as well as inter and intracellular structural, hormonal changes such as variability in cell wall permeability, elasticity, phytohormone levels. Rationale of the study: Despite the potential of using sound wave treatment to alter plant growth and development through hormonal and gene regulatory process, experimental evidence to support it’s use is still lacking. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 38

  39. Objective I: To monitor phenotypic changes during tomato ripening process in response to sound wave. Result I: Sound-mediated phenotypic changes in tomato fruit depicts tomato fruit ripening was delayed in response to sound treatment compared with the untreated control which is further validated by measurement of sound wave-elicited ethylene production and flesh firmness as indicators of tomato fruit ripening. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 39

  40. Objective II: To observe the changes in mRNA expression following sound wave treatment during fruit ripening process through RNA-seq. Result II: ØRNA-seq revealed alteration in the expression level of various genes by sound wave treatment in tomato fruit. Ø6 h, 2 d, 5 d and 7 d sound wave treated and control groups shown to have 5346, 6512, 727 and 2385 genes differentially expressed either up- or down regulated. Out of which only two genes up regulated and three genes are down regulated simultaneously. Up-regulated genes in sound-treated samples 04/05/23 Down-regulated genes in sound- treated samples Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 40

  41. Objective III: To check that the expression patterns of various genes regulated by sound wave treatment are involved in hormone biosynthesis or signalling in tomato fruit with respect to ripening process. Result III: i. GO (Gene Ontogeny) analysis of DEGs using qRT-PCR at 6 h, 2 d, 5 d and 7 d w.r.t. sound wave treatment to identify the most significant gene sets associated with biological process and canonical synthetic pathways. ii. Based on functional enrichment analysis, the changes in the expression of genes in response to sound treatment associated with six enriched functional categories: ethylene, zeatin, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, cell wall and glucan were measured. [By applying DAVID software] iii. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) provide functional interpretation of large lists of genes derived from genomic studies, e.g. microarray and proteomics studies. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 41

  42. A -log(P-value) 6h Zeatin biosynthesis Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis Plant-pathogen interaction Phosphatidylinositol signaling system 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 B -log(P-value) 2D Base excision repair Glycerophospholipid metabolism Zeatin biosynthesis 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 C -log(P-value) 5D Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 D 7D -log(P-value) Metabolic pathways Cysteine and methionine metabolism Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism DNA replication Glutathione metabolism Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism Pyrimidine metabolism Butanoate metabolism Carbon metabolism Flavonoid biosynthesis Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 42

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  45. Objective IV: To identify and check expression levels of non-coding small RNAs such as primary microRNAs (pri- miRNAs) negatively regulate some of their target genes which are involved in the ripening process. Result IV: The differentially expressed pri-miRNAs were compared to a public database containing miRNA- target information in tomato (Fei et al., 2011),out of which only three pri-miRNAs viz. MIR6022, MIR6024 and MIR6026, had interactive target genes. Encodes tomato mosaic virus resistance gene Encodes for LRR- RLK Protein(LRP) Encodes late blight resistance gene 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 45

  46. Conclusion: üDelay in ripening process mediated by diverse epigenetic changes through the actions of non-coding RNAs and their target mRNAs. üSound waves could be used as a physical modulator of post-harvest fruit by fine-tuning the ripening process. üThe use of sound waves has diverse advantages over chemical modulators for application to crops, such as their long-lasting effects without the need for additional input and their stable effectiveness. üEnlightening the differential screening of expressed genes and discovery of specific proteins would help us to maximize the effectiveness of sound treatment in field trials. 04/05/23 Dept of Plant Biotechnology, UASB 46

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