biologiuri iaraRi civi omis periodSi

1. biologiuri iaraRi civi omis periodSi leqcia # 4

2. 1. mimoxilva • II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis • slaidebi 2 - 3 • aSS programa • slaidebi 4 - 11 • aSS-s saqmianobis naTesebis sawinaaRmdego aspeqtebi • slaidebi 11 - 16 • sabWoTa programa • slaidebi 17 - 20

3. 2. omis dasasrulisaTvis • kanadelebis daintereseba • “…1944 wlis gazafxulze…dazvervis angariSSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom germanelma samxedroebma Tavis arsenals botulizmi daumates…” • “…kanadis samxedro xelmZRvanelobaze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina... eqsperimentebma, romlebmac aCvena, rom botulizmi efeqturi iaraRia…”

4. 3. botulizmis toqsini, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi • “botulizmis toqsini aris yvelaze momwamlavi cnobili nivTiereba….toqsini aris TuTiis proteinaza, romelic Slis 1 an met hibridul cilas, romelTa saSualebiTac neironuli vezikulebi neirokunTovani dakavSirebis adgilebSi gamohyofs acetilqolins..” • “…botulizmis didi afeTqebebis dros Cndeba didi moTxovnileba sasunTq aparatebze, intensiuri Terapiis sawolebze, da gamocdil personalze, romelsac SeuZlia imuSaos adgilobrivi saSualebebiT da kvirebis an Tveebis manZilze…”

5. 4. aSS programis etapebi • kvleva da dagegmva (1946 – 49) • gafarToeba koreis omis dros (1950 – 53) • reorganizacia (1954 – 58) • omis SezRuduli periodi (1959 – 62) • damsjeli RonisZiebebisadmi adaptacia (1963 – 68) • ganiaraReba da etapobrivi Semcireba (1973 – 77)

6. 5. 1946 - 1949 • “rodesac II msoflio omi damTavrda, CWS – ma (qimiuri saomari saSualebebis samsaxuri) ZiriTad misiad gaixada qimiuri iaraRisa da biologiuri iaraRisadmi mzadyofna mxolod sapasuxo qmedebebis politikis WrilSi…” • …saqmianoba koncentrirebuli iyo biologiuri iaraRis agentebis kvlevaze da TavdacviT aspeqtebze; zogi gamoyenebiTi kvleva exeboda gafrqvevis meqanizmebs; kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze mimafrTuli mniSvnelovani saqmianobis farglebSi adarebdnen II msoflio omis dors Catarebul cdebs; da mniSvnelovani kvlevebi tardeboda ganviTarebiTi programebis farglebSi...”

7. 6. 1950 - 53 • “pirveli mokrZalebuli bi sapasuxo saSualebebi miRweul iqna 1951 wels, rodesac SemuSavda, gamoicada da sahaero ZalebisaTvis warmoebaSi CaeSva naTesebis sawinaaRmdego Wurvi …” • “…pirveli didmasStabiani mowylvadobis testi Catarda san franciskos sanapiroze 1950 wlis seqtemberSi simulantebis, BG, da fluorescentuli nawilakebis gamoyenebiT…”

8. 7. 1954 – 58 (i) • “… 1953 wlis ivlisSi, rodesac fain blafis arsenalSi (PBA) didi warmoebis mSenebloba TiTqmis dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, ….is amuSavda 1954 wlis gazafxulze, da pirveli produqcia iyoBrucella suis (undulant cxelebis gamomwvevi agenti). erTi wlis Semdeg daiwyo momakvdinebeli agentis, Pastuerella tularensis (tularemia) warmoeba.”

9. 8. 1954 – 58 (ii) • “…samoqalaqo biologiur dacvaze momuSave jgufi Tvlis, rom F tularensisaris saSiSi potenciuri biologiuri iaraRi misi maRali infeqciurobis, advilad gafrqvevis SesaZleblobis, da daavadebisa da sikvdilis gamowvevis unaris gamo.” • “…1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi amerikelma samxedroebma SeimuSaves iaraRi, romelicF tularensis-is aerozolis gafrqvevis saSualebas iZleva…”

10. 9. 1954 – 58 (iii) • “…sabWoTa gancxadebebSi naTlad iyo gamoTqmuli principi, rom qs da bs iaraRi momavlis omebSi gamoyenebul unda iyos masobrivi ganadgurebisaTvis. 1956 wels, gadasinjul bi/qi politikaSi naTqvami iyo, rom aSS mzad unda yofiliyo bi an qi gamoyenebisaTvis saerTod omis SemTxvevaSi, raTa samxedro saqmeSi efeqturoba aemaRlebina…” (originaluri xazgasma)

11. 10. 1959 - 62 • “1959 wlis bolosaTvis qimiuri korpusis misiam II msoflio omis Semdgomi droidan arnaxul simaRles miaRwia. samxedro samsaxurebi agzavnidnenmoTxovnebs bi aRWurvilobaze, romelic moicavda saartilerio gasavrcelebel saSualebebs, raketebs, upiloto TviTfrinavebs, da sxva ufro mcire zomis iaraRis sistemebs…” • “1960 wlis zafxulSi qi/bi erovnuli politika… romelic gadasinjul iqna, da gascda “mxolod sapasuxos” 1958 wlis martSi xelaxla iqna damtkicebuli…”

12. 11. 1963 - 68 • “am periodis TavdacviT programebSi xazgasmuli iyo vietnamis omis xelSewyoba ….umTavresi… bi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo personalis dacvisa da naTesebis dacvis agentebze moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. fain blafis arsenalSi sawarmos mSenebloba dasrulda, da 1964 – 1967 wlebSi man ramodenime agenti awarmoa. sxvadasxva tipis bi aRWurviloba gadaizida da Senaxul iqna …”

13. 12. aSS-s saqmianobis naTesebis sawinaaRmdego aspeqtebi • dasawyisi • kvleva • testireba • agentebi • samizneebi

14. 13. aSS-s saqmianobis aspeqtebi - dasawyisi • dazvervisa da presis spekulaciebma germaniis mxridan evropaSi naTesebze SesaZlo bi Setevis Sesaxeb Sedegad moitana gafarToebuli muSaoba naTesebis sawinaaRmdego sapasuxo dartymis SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis mxriv. • Semdgomi Zalisxmeva amgvari SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis gamomdinareobda sabWoTa sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis saWinaaRmdego bi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb aSS dazvervis angariSebis gaurkvevlobidan omis Semdgom periodSi.

15. 14. aSS-s saqmianobis aspeqtebi - kvleva • qvemoT moyvanili aCvenebs aSS mikrobul naTesebis sawinaaRmdego programas , romelic daiwyo 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da gagrZelda 25 wlis manZilze : “Stamebis SerCeva…, zrdis optimaluri pirobebis da kulturis aRebis teqnikis SemuSaveba da maTi kargad gafrqvevisaTvis momzadeba.”

16. 15. aSS-s saqmianobis aspeqtebi – agentebi da aRWurviloba • 1949 wlisaTvis warmodgenili iqna moxseneba, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom SesaZlebeli iyo aSS-s mier mcenareuli paTogenebis warmoeba. : “80 akri inficirebul marcvleulian parTobidan SeiZleba SEvagrovoT erTi tona sporebi…[da] mcenareuli paTogenebis sakmarisi raodenoba, raTa sapasuxo dartyma mivayenoT [SesaZlebeli iqneba] miviRoT …eqvs TveSi”. • warmoebul da Senaxul iqna sokovani naTesebis sawinaaRmdego 5 paTogenis didi raodenoba. sxvadasxva saxis iaraRi, danawevrebuli Wurvebis, zondiani Wurvebis, jgufuri aRWurvilobis da raketebis CaTvliT, da yvelaferi es mzad iyo gamosayeneblad

17. 16. aSS-s saqmianobis aspeqtebi – samizneebi • “1950ian wlebSi aSS-s SesaZleblobebi Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli upiratesoba, da aseve rogorc yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTis mxridan komunisturi agresiis mogeriebis unari. • ssrk-sTan mimarTebaSi erT angariSSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom erTi saxeobis sakvebi metad dazaraldeba, Tuki xorbalze Seteva warmatebuli iqneba…” • meore aRniSnavda, rom “CineTis kontinenti gansakuTrebiT mowylvadi Cans brinjis sawinaaRmdego saomari saSualebebis mimarT…”

18. 17. sabWoTa programa (i) • “sazogadod sjeraT, rom sabWoTa kavSirs hqonda yvela qveyanaze ufro farTo, yvelaze aqtiuri biologiuri iaraRis programa. Zalian gasaidumloebuli programa, romelic gafarTovda sabWoTa komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis 1973 wlis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, gagrzelda sul cota 1992 wlis 6 martamde…. programa moicavda taqtikuri da strategiuli bi sistemebis SemuSavebasa da ganawilebas. fiqroben, rom am programaSi CarTuli iyo daaxloebiT … 25,000-dan 60,000-mde adamiani…”

19. 18. sabWoTa programa (ii) • “oci wlis manZilze…. Cveni faruli programebis saSualebiT, aSS-sa da misi dasavleli mokavSireebis sawinaaRmdegod Cven davagroveT asobiT tona jilexi da aTobiT tona Savi Wiri da yvavili moskovis maxloblad da ruseTis sxva adgilebSi.” • “is, Tu ra xdeboda biopreparatis laboratoriebSi, aris civi omis yvelaze didi saidumlo.”

20. 19. sabWoTa programa (iii) • Savi Wiri • “…sabWoTa mecnierebs SeeZloT ewarmoebinaT agentis didi raodenoba, romelic SemdgomSi SeiZleboda iaraRSi moeTavsebinaT.yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Sav Wirze muSaobda aTze meti instituti da aTasobiT adamiani…” • “…fiqroben, rom rusma mecnierebma Seqmnes mravali wamlis mimarT rezistentuli Y pestis, magram ar arsebobs amis damadasturebeli samecniero publikacia.

21. 20. sabWoTa programa (iv) • “…yofili sabWoTa kavSiri… awarmoebda marburgis, ebolas, lasas, da axali samyaros arenavirusebis did raodenobas….sabWoTa mkvlevarebi iTvlidnen marburgis virusis aerozolis infeqciurobas mainumebSi, da gansazRvres, rom mxolod ramodenime virionia saWiro, rom infeqcia gamoiwvio…. argumentebi, rom efeqturi antivirusuli mkurnalobisa da vaqcinebis ararseboba Zalian momakvdinebelia kacobriobisaTvis, istoriul CanawerebSi ar moipoveba.”

22. sanimuSo kiTxvebi 1. gamoxateT aSS biologiuri saomari saSualebebis programa sami dekadis manZilze biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvenciis miRebamde 1972 wels. Seicvala Tu ara biologiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba am droisaTvis? 2. rogor SeuZlia aSS-s gamoiyenos mcenareebis sinTeturi bioregulatori – agenti narinjisferi – vietnamSi, da rogori momavali eqneba biologiur saomar saSualebebs? 3. ra kritikuli samecniero da iuridiuli gansxvavebebia aSS da yofil sabWoTa biologiuri saomari saSualebebis programebSi civi omis periodSi? 4. imsjeleT risi gakeTebaa kidev saWiro TavdacviTi zomebis gasaumjobeseblad im ori agentis winaaRmdeg, romlisganac biolofiuri saomari saSualebebi agkeTda me-20 saukuneSi.

23. wyaroebi (slaidi 1) Mark Wheelis, M., Rózsa, L., and Dando, M. R. (Eds.), (2006) Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (slaidi 2) Avery, D (1999) ‘Canadian biological and toxin warfare research, development and planning, 1925–45’, In Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (Eds.) Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 190-213

24. (slaidi 3) Arnon, S. S., Schecter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., Swerdlow, D. L., and Tonat, K. (2001) ‘Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, JAMA 285(8), pp. 1059-1070 (slaidi 4) Laughlin L.L., (1977) U.S. Army Activity in the U.S. Biological Warfare Programs, Volume 1, p. 4-2. Cited in Simon Whitby (2001) ‘The Potential Use of Plant Pathogens against Crops’, Microbes and Infection, 3. pp. 73-80

25. (slaidebi 8-10) Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. ‘Tularemia as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, JAMA 285(21), pp. 2763-2773 (slaidi 11) National Research Council (2006) Globalization Biosecurity, and the Future of the Life Sciences, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Chapter 1 is available from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11567&page=15

26. (slaidi 14) Whitby, S., and Rogers, P. (1997) ‘Anti-crop Biological Warfare – Implications of the Iraqi and US Programs’, Defense & Security Analysis, 13(3), pp. 303 – 317. Available from http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface?content=a783124233&rt=0&format=pdf (slaidi 17) Hart, J. (2006) ‘The Soviet Biological Weapons Program’, In: Mark Wheelis, M., Rózsa, L., and Dando, M. R. (Eds.), (2006) Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 132-156. (slaidi 18) Domaradskij, I. V., and Orent, W. (2003) Biowarrior: Inside the Soviet/Russian Biological War Machine, New York: Prometheus Books. Alibek, K., and Handelman, S. (1999) Biohazard: The chilling True Story of the largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World—Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. New York: Delta

27. (slaidi 19) Inglesby, T. V., Dennis, D. T., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Koerner, J. F., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., Schoch-Spana, M., and Tonat, K. (2000) ‘Plague as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health Management’, JAMA 283(17), pp. 2281-2290 (slaidi 20) Borio, L., Inglesby, T. V., Peters, C. J., Hughes, J. M., Jahrling, P. B., Ksiazek, T., Johnson, K. M., Meyerhoff, A., Toole, T. O’., Ascher. M. S., Bartlett, J., Breman, J. G., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Hamburg, M., Hauer, J., Henderson. D. A., Johnson, R. T., Kwik, G., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., Nabel, G. J., Osterholm, M. T., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (2002) ‘Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses as Biological Weapons: Medical and Public Health Management’, JAMA 283(18), pp. 2391-2405