Describe war in a word…

1. HONORS WORLDUnit #7 – Modern World HistoryPPT #208The Causes of WWIakaTHE GREATEST STUPIDITY EVER WRAUGHT BY MODERN HUMANS

2. Describe war in a word… • Choose the most destructive war you can think of • Name it • Choose a word to describe it • Share with your group • Share with the class • http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history/videos/world-war-i-one-word

3. What were the “main” causes of the First World War?(What to you remember from 9th Grade?

4. Causes of WWI = MAIN • M = • A = • I = • N = 6m explanation

5. Causes of WWI = MAIN • M = Militarism • A = • I = • N =

6. Causes of WWI = MAIN • M = Militarism • A = Alliances • N = • I =

7. Causes of WWI = MAIN • M = Militarism • A = Alliances • I = Imperialism • N =

8. Causes of WWI = MAIN • M = Militarism • A = Alliances • I = Imperialism • N = Nationalism

9. And when you add in the assassination of the crown prince of a country that had depended on MILITARISM, had developed an ALLIANCE with one of the Big-5 nations, and had been IMPERIALISTICALLY collecting neighboring lands for years, you have a REAL problem. You have…

10. MANIA!

11. Causes of WWI = MANIA! • M = Militarism • A = Alliances • N = Nationalism • I = Imperialism • A = Assassination

12. You may have learned this as FAMINE • F = FREEDOM OF SEAS • A = Alliances • M = Militarism • I = Imperialism • N = Nationalism • E = Economic issues

13. Why might US care about a war in Europe, even today?

14. If the US went to war today, what nations would come to our aid?

15. Force: NATIONALISM

16. Nationalism • Complete love for your nationality • The force that would form some nations (by uniting), and tear others apart • Napoleon had taught Europe the power of Nationalism • Since his time, all nationalities across the continent started expressing nationalistic beliefs. Led to greatness, and to prejudice. • Example: British and French saw themselves as superior to Austrians and Russians • All “big 5” saw themselves superior to non-Europeans • And, in some cases, nationalism led to war • Franco-Prussian War • Six Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)

17. What happened to the “big 5” nations? • Quadruple Alliance of the Congress of Vienna • The four nations who defeated France • Purpose: prevent another rise of a nation to dominate Europe, one that would cause a big war • Add in France, and all nations would work together to eliminate the rise of another Napoleon • How had this systembeen successful? (hint: yesterday’s lesson) • Liberal rebellions of 1830 & 1848 were eliminated • Rise of Russia in 1854 led to Crimean War – the way France and England stripped them of power • No one nation came to dominate anything, all the way up to 1870 (OK, it all changes after that…)

18. What did each of the “big 5” nations hope for in the coming years? • France– focused mainly on leading cultural Europe; had a VERY successful army and navy • Russia– hoped to expand empire and control its massive (and antiquated) serf population • Prussia– modernizing, growing in power • Austria– focused on controlling ethnic diversity (75% of their population) and expanding empire • Britain– focused mainly on overseas empire and a Navy as large as next two nations combined FRANCE RUSSIA PRUSSIA AUSTRIA BRITAIN

19. How did Nationalism impact Prussia, Italy, France and Austria differently? • Prussians were able to harness it to unit all Germans under one political entity in 1870 • Italians were able to harness it to remove non-Italian rulers from Italy in 1866 • French and English saw themselves as superior, based on race, especially overseas • Austrians torn apart by it, since nationalities within outnumbered Austrians 3 to 1 • After Austrians lost several wars, Hungarians inside Empire demanded independence • Compromise was to turn it into a dual empire: Austro-Hungarian Empire, with two sections ruled by their own kings, with one Emperor over both

20. The new German nation • Germany was formed in 1870 from Prussia • And quickly became the most dominant nation • What did the Three wars which formed the German Empire teach Europe about Germans and Germany • Denmark War: Austria and Germany fought together and easily defeated Denmark • Six Weeks War: North Germany defeated Austria • Franco-Prussian War: Germans defeated France • Who was left to stop Germany? (trick question)

21. The new German nation • The new German nation was run by a guy named Otto von Bismarck. His #1 priority was keeping Germany safe from attack. • Can you describe him? • What do you think he did to keep others from attacking? • Alliances • Strong military • Reputation of tough • Controlled all negotiations • Berlin Conference of 1878 • Berlin Conference of 1884

22. Force: IMPERIALISM

23. Impact of Imperialism • Europeans had been feverishly taking over lands throughout world for years to: • Fuel new industry and to compete for the #1 slot • How would this effect their relationship with each other? • Why? • How did nationalism play into this scenario? • How was Imperialism “proof” of your nationality’s greatness? • The more land and people you collected, the mightier you appeared • Britain and France set out to “win” • Russia had already owned much of Asia • Austria had been collecting Eastern Europe • Prussia had been left behind – would look to fix that

24. Led to competitive empire building • Describe this political cartoon • Africa: the “scramble” for Africa • Europeans pushed deep into Africa, claiming land • Led to conflict: stopped by German Conference in 1884 • East Asia: Opium Wars led to control of China • Latin America: had already been colonized by Spanish • Pacific Islands: the last frontier: USA was late to start collecting: won lands in Spanish-American War – that’s pretty much all of the world…

25. German colonies 1914 Compare this to the British colonial empire

26. British Colonies 1914 Why will this matter to Germany?

27. Imperialism • How is this comparison going to create tension? German colonial empire British colonial empire

28. Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899 • This famous poem, written by Britain's imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Born in British India in 1865, Rudyard Kipling was educated in England before returning to India in 1882, where his father was a museum director and authority on Indian arts and crafts. He wrote the Jungle book in the mid-1890s, then this prose in 1899, encouraging the Americans to be responsible to their new colony. Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

29. Conflict in Africa • Cecil Rhodes • Gold and silver mines • Diamond mines • Rhodesia • South Africa • Boar War – 1899-1902 • Boar = Settlers from Netherlands (Afrikaners) • Zaire (Democratic Republic of Africa • King Leopold of Belgium • British took over Egypt 1882 • Vital to control of Suez & cotton industry there

30. Germany in Africa • Bismarck saw this “scramble” as dangerous • Berlin Conference of 1884 • Bismarck saved Europe from fighting a war over colonizing Africa

31. Berlin Conference of 1884

32. Example: Berlin Conference of 1878 • Was called by Bismarck to negotiate a peace in Europe following Russo-Turkish War of 1876-1878 • Russia and Serbia attacked Ottomans to take land • Russia took the Dardanelles • Serbia took Bosnia • Europeans saw this as an upset to Balance of Power – Bismarck called their leaders together • Britain got Cyprus, France got Tunisia • Austro-Hungary got Bosnia • Notice: Germans took nothing – what does this show about intentions of Bismarck? • What did Russia and Serbia get? • What will this mean for their relationship with Germany?

33. Force: ALLIANCES

34. Impact of Alliances • Bismarck constructed a complicated series of alliances • After defeating France in 1870, he needed to guarantee that would be the last war • Prussia united North Germans to defeat Austria • Prussia united all the rest of German states to defeat France (1870)… all but Austria • But, the new Germany immediately allied with Austria: “no hard feelings” • Bismarck then courted Russia and refused to establish empire, to avoid conflict with Britain • Bismarck left France alone: realized with no friends, France was no threat • The key was to deny France any allies • To do that, Germany had to ally with Russia AND Austria

35. Three Emperor’s League • Who was in it? • Naturally, Germans all pulled together… but why Russia? (hint: preventing them from joining…)

36. Dual Alliance The NEW GERMAN EMPIRE • Bismarck made this a priority. Why? • Bismarck had to be SURE no nation could join with France. Why? • Bismarck planned to leave Britain alone. Why? The MULTI-NATIONAL AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

37. Triple Alliance • Why would Italy join such an alliance? • Why would Bismarck welcome this alliance? • Why will Italy likely be a weak link?

38. Bismarck’s alliance structure • His singular purpose: REAL POLITIC: prevent a war by creating alliances – to control the whole continent • But, that would all change, when his King, Kaiser William I died, passing power to his grandson, William II • In one moment, Germany went from a peace making state, to one which created tension • Europe had become a German run continent. Why was that a GOOD thing? • No one seemed to mind being controlled by Bismarck and a powerful Germany. WHY?! • What would be the worst thing to happen?

39. William II – a new direction for Germany • William had a vision that was different than Bismarck. He wanted to prevent war by having all of Europe respect and fear Germany • So, he fired Bismarck, and set Germany on a course that would change history forever

40. Who was this William II? • Younger, more ostentatious Kaiser than William I - Ambitious, arrogant, bombastic • Filled with sense of German greatness • Wanted what others had • Like a Navy and empire like England’s • Bismarck saw such nonsense as senseless • But, he did have some really cool hats.

41. Next Stage: Germany shifts • Bismarck stood in the way of Willy’s vision • William set Germany on a course for greatness – to find her place in the sun! • He fortified the alliance with Austria by casting off Russia – no need for that behemoth

42. What happened next? • France finally found a friend • Germany started building Navy to compete with Britain, making them an enemy • France grabbed on to them, too • To massive alliance camps formed. THIS WILL LEAD TO MILITARISM

44. Force: MILITARISM

45. Militarism Why will this matter? • Two parts to this “ism” • Build up side and power of your military to compete with enemy (arms race), and • Military leaders become trusted as political advisors • From 1905 to 1913, arms race moved FAST • As Germany built its Navy, Britain tried to stay ahead • As Germany built army, France and Russia built there’s in competition

46. Militarism Why is this dangerous? Why will this encourage war?

47. British Navy 1914 What does it seem the British are trying to prove?

48. What does it look like Germany is trying to do?

49. ALL PRESSURES ARE NOW IN PLACE. THEY’RE AT A TIPPING POINT.

50. The last straw: panic and misconception • Germans were unable to outmaneuver and win Naval Arms Race against Britain, nor Army Arms Race against Russia and France • What would you advise Germany to do? • Germans came up with a plan to avoid utter destruction if a war broke out. • Why would they fear this? • How to prevent a two- front war?