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Recognition of Dementia Syed Zaman Consultant Physician Geriatric Medicine

Recognition of Dementia Syed Zaman Consultant Physician Geriatric Medicine Palmerston North Hospital. Outline the ageing brain basic definitions causes of dementia symptoms of dementia cognitive testing. Ageing. The ageing brain. Case history 1

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Recognition of Dementia Syed Zaman Consultant Physician Geriatric Medicine

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  1. Recognition of Dementia Syed Zaman Consultant Physician Geriatric Medicine Palmerston North Hospital

  2. Outline • the ageing brain • basic definitions • causes of dementia • symptoms of dementia • cognitive testing

  3. Ageing

  4. The ageing brain

  5. Case history 1 A 65 year old writer presents with difficulty reading and writing. He has taken to dictating his stories to a PA. He is independent with ADLs. Cognitive testing reveals a normal MMSE, with intact STM. Detailed neuropsychological testing confirms dyslexia and dysgraphia.

  6. Case history 2 An 85 year old man with previous TIAs, hypertension and myocardial infarction is brought to his GP by his wife because of STM loss. He is completely independent with ADLs, socially appropriate and manages household finances well. His MOCA is 20/30 with deficits in recall and executive function.

  7. What is dementia?

  8. Dementia • loss of brain function • affecting normal social and occupational activities

  9. Mild cognitive impairment • loss of brain function • does not affect ability to live independently • Cognitive • Impairment • Not • Dementia

  10. The significance of MCI • prevalence of 3 to 22% >65 years • 10 to 15% conversion rate to dementia per year • reversion rate 40% over a 5 year period • is it possible to prevent/delay progression to dementia?

  11. Causes of dementia 1 • brain injury • brain tumours • chronic alcohol abuse • metabolic problems • vitamin B12 deficiency • normal pressure hydrocephalus

  12. Causes of dementia 2 • Alzheimer’s disease • dementia with Lewy bodies • vascular dementia • Parkinson disease dementia • fronto-temporal dementia • Huntington’s disease • HIV and other infections

  13. Brain function – an alternative view

  14. Brain function – an alternative view

  15. Brain function

  16. Alzheimer’s disease

  17. Alzheimer’s disease – symptoms 1 • forgetfulness • getting lost on familiar routes • misplacing items • language problems

  18. Alzheimer’s disease – symptoms 2 • difficulty performing tasks that take some thought • loss of interest in things previously enjoyed • personality changes and loss of social skills • difficulty doing basic tasks • losing awareness of self • poor judgement and insight • Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

  19. Vascular dementia

  20. Vascular dementia – symptoms • abrupt onset • step-wise deterioration and fluctuation • memory impairment • executive dysfunction • personality change and emotional lability • incontinence • gait disorder

  21. Dementia with Lewy bodies Lewybody

  22. Dementia with Lewy bodies – symptoms • fluctuating cogntive function – 50 to 75% • recurrent visual hallucinations – 80% • REM sleep behaviour disorder • apathy • parkinsonism • autonomic dysfunction

  23. Cognitive screening • role • which test? • MMSE • MoCA

  24. Case history 1 A 65 year old writer presents with difficulty reading and writing. He has taken to dictating his stories to a PA. He is independent with ADLs. Cognitive testing reveals a normal MMSE, with intact STM. Detailed neuropsychological testing confirms dyslexia and dysgraphia.

  25. Case history 2 An 85 year old man with previous TIAs, hypertension and myocardial infarction is brought to his GP by his wife because of STM loss. He is completely independent with ADLs, socially appropriate and manages household finances well. His MOCA is 20/30 with deficits in recall and executive function.

  26. Summary • diagnosis of dementia is primarily based on the history • symptoms of dementia help define the subtype • comorbidities help define the subtype • MCI is common, its significance uncertain • early recognition is vital for appropriate management

  27. Thank you for listening

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