510 BC: Roman Republic 51 BC: conquest of Northern Gaul by Julius Caesar

1. 510 BC: Roman Republic 51 BC: conquest of Northern Gaul by Julius Caesar 27 BC: The Republic becomes an Empire  476 AD: fall of the Western Roman Empire Many regional variants of “Vulgar Latin” emerge. The Catholic Church maintains the use of classical Latin. Distinct Roman languages emerge from Vulgar Latin by the 9th century. Most Romance languages do not preserve the neutral gender.

2. The Medieval Renaissance of the 12th century has been fostered by a major effort of translations of Arabic and Greek texts into Latin.

3. Translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Arabic to Latin (1175). (Vatican library).

4. first Latin treatise on magnets, by Pierre de Maricourt (13th century)

5. 1539: The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, signed by king Francis I, prescribes the use of French in all judicial acts, notarized contracts and official legislation. This ordinance marks the end of Latin language preeminence in France.

6. 1635: the Creation of the French Academy, leads to the emergence of “Modern French”. The Academy consists of forty members, known as “immortals”. The body has the task of acting as an official reference on the language. Its rulings, however, are not binding on either the public or the government.

7. François Cheng 程抱一

8. In France, the Latin culture legacy is particularly manifest in:architecturelawbotanyphilosophy + theologyliterature

9. Approximately 80% of French comes from Latin,and 20% of English comes from French

10. bridge on the river Gard (France)

11. Aqueduct of Segovia (Spain) aquæ, gen. of aqua "water" ductus, pp. of ducere "to lead"

12. Roman Baths, Bath, England

13. Tower of Hercules (north-western Spain) Columna Herculis

14. Arena of Arles (France) Latin: (h)arena

15. Colosseum (Rome) The name Colosseum derives from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.

16. Pantheon (Rome) Largest non-reiforced concrete dome ever built (25BC)

17. Pantheon (Rome).

18. 清华大学的大礼堂 (北京)

19. 立法會大樓（香港）

20. A fortiori – a posteriori – a priori – ab extra – ab initio – actus reus – ad coelum – ad colligenda bona – ad hoc – ad hominem – ad idem – ad infinitum – ad litem – ad quod damnum – ad valorem -- affidavit – alter ego – a mensa et thoro – amicus curiae – animus nocendi -- ante -- arguendo -- Bona fide/bona fides – bona vacantia -- Cadit quaestio – casus belli -- caveat – caveat emptor -- certiorari – ceteris paribus – cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – compos mentis – conditio sine qua non – consensus facit legem – consuetudo pro lege servatur – contra – contra bonos mores – contra legem – contradictio in adjecto – contra proferentem – coram non judice -- corpus – corpus delicti – corpus juris – corpus juris civilis – corpus juris secundum – cui bono – cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos – cuius regio, eius religio – curia advisari vult – custos morum --

21. De bonis asportatis – debellatio – de bonis non administratis – de die in diem – de facto – de futuro – de integro – de jure – de lege ferenda – de lege lata – delegatus non potest delegare – de minimis – de minimis non curat lex – de mortuis nil nisi bonum – de novo – dicta – dictum – doli incapax – dolus specialis – dubia in meliora partem interpretari debent – duces tecum Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit – eiusdem generis – eo nomine – erga omnes - ergo – erratum – esse – et al. – et cetera – et seq – et uxor – et vir – ex aequo et bono – ex ante – ex cathedra – ex concessis – ex delicto – ex facie – ex gratia – ex injuria jus non oritur – ex officio – ex parte – ex post – ex post facto – expressio unis est exclusio alterius – ex proprio motu – ex rel – ex turpi causa non oritur actio – exempli gratia – ex nunc

22. Facio ut facias – favor contractus – felo de se – ferae naturae – fiat – fiat justitia et pereat mundus – fiat justitia ruat caelum – fieri facias – flagrante delicto – forum conveniens – forum non conveniens – functus officio Gravamen - Habeas corpus – hostis humani generis i.e. – ibid – id est – idem – ignorantia juris non excusat – imprimatur – in absentia – in camera – in curia – in esse – in extenso – in extremis – in flagrante delicto – in forma pauperis – in futuro – in haec verba – in limine – in loco parentis – in mitius – in omnibus – in pari delicto – in pari materia – in personam – in pleno – in prope persona – in propria persona – in re – in rem – in situ – in solidum – in terrorem – in terrorem clause – in toto – indicia – infra – innuendo – inter alia – inter arma enim silent leges – inter rusticos – inter se – inter vivos – intra – intra fauces terra – intra legem – intra vires – ipse dixit – inpsissima verba – ipso facto

23. Jura novit curia – jurat – juris et de jure – jus – jus ad bellum – jus civile – jus cogens – jus commune – jus gentium – jus in bello – jus inter gentes – jus naturale – jus primae noctis – jus sanguines – jus sanguinis – jus soli – jus tertii Lacunae – leges humanae nascuntur, vivunt, moriuntur – legitime – lex communis – lex lata – lex posterior derogat priori – lex retro non agit – lex scripta – lex specialis derogat legi generali – liberum veto – lingua franca – lis alibi pendens – lis pendens – locus – locus delicti – locus in quo – locus poenitentiae Magna carta – magnum opus – male fide – malum in se – malum prohibitum – mandamus – mare clausum – mare liberum – mens rea – modus operandi – mos pro lege – mutatis mutandis

24. Ne exeat – ne bis in idem – nemo dat quod non habet – nemo debet esse iudex in propria – nemo judex in sua causa – nemo plus iuris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet – nemo sibi titulum adscribit – nexus – nihil – nihil dicit – nil – nisi – nisi prius – nolle prosequi – nolo contendere – non adimpleti contractus – non bis in idem – non compos mentis – non constat – non est factum – non faciat malum, ut inde veniat bonum – non liquet – non obstante verdicto – non sequitur – nota bene – nulla bona – nulla poena sine lege – nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali – nunc pro tunc – Onus probandi – opinio juris sive necessitatis

25. Pacta sunt servanda – par delictum – par delictum – parens patriar – pater familias – pendente lite – per – per capita – per contra – per curiam – per diem – per minas – per pro – per quod – per se – per stirnes – persona non grata – posse comitatus – post mortem – post mortem auctoris – praetor peregrinus – prima facie – primogeniture – prius quam exaudias ne judices - - probatio vincit praesumotionem – pro bono – pro bono publico – pro forma – pro hac vice – pro per – pro rata – pro se – pro tanto – pro tem – pro temnore – propria persona Quaeitur – quaere – quantum – quantum meruit – quasi – qui facit per alium facit per se – quid pro quo – quo ante – quoad hoc Ratio decidendi – ratio scripta – rebus sic stantibus – res – res gestae – res ipsa loquitur – res judicata – res nullius – res publica – res publica christiana – respondeat superior – restitutio in integrum

26. Salus populi est suprema lex - scandalum magnatum - scandalum magnum - scienter -- scintilla – scire facias – scire feci – se defendendo – seriatim – sine die – sine qua non -- sitius – stare decisis – sua sponte – sub judice – sub modo – sub nomine – sub silentio -- subpoena – subpoena ad testificandum – subpoena duces tecum – suggestio falsi – sui generis – sui juris – suo moto - supersedeas – suppressio veri -- supra -- Terra nullius – trial de novo – trinoda necessitas – tabula rasa Uberrima fides – ultra posse nemo obligatur – ultra vires – uno flatu – uti possidetis -- uxor -- Vel non -- veto – vice versa -- vide -- videlicet – vis major – viz. – volenti non fit injuria – vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit

27. 洋紫荊 (香港蘭) Bauhinia Blakeana In honor of Jean and Gaspard Bauhin (†1613/†1624), Swiss botanists and Sir Henry Blake (†1918)

28. René Descartes [Renatus Cartesius，笛卡儿] （1596-1650） cogito ergo sum:我思，故我在

29. Actio: action, activity Actus : act, activity, reality An sit ? is it ? Causa essendi : the cause of being Causa cognoscendi : the cause of knowing Conditiones materiae : the conditions (of being) of anything material (space and time) Crede ut intelligas : believe that you may understand Deus est quo maius cogitari nequit: God is the One in comparison of whom nothing greater can be conceived Ens : being, a being Ens dividitur per potentiam et actum : being is divided in potency and act Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem : entities are not to be unnecessarily multiplied Esse : to be, to exist, being Esse viventium est vivere : the being of living things is being alive Ex falso sequitur quodlibet : from a false premise anything follows Ex hypothesi : by hypothesis

30. Forma : form Gratia operans : operative grace Id cuius gratia : that for the sake of which Intellectus quaerens fidem: understanding seeking faith Intentio intendens: intending intention Intentio intenta : intended intention Ipsum esse : being itself Ipsum esse subsistens : subsistent being itself Ipsum intelligere : understanding itself Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret : you can drive nature out with a pitchfork, but it will always return Nova : new things Omnia Deum appetunt : all things desire God Operatio : operation, action, activity Ordo idearum est ordo rerum : the order of ideas is (the same as) the order of things

31. Paene omne quod dicimus metaphora est : almost every word we use is a metaphor Quaestiones : questions Quid sit ? what is it ? Rem tene et verba sequentur: get hold of the idea, and the words will take care of themselves Res cogitans: the thinking being Res extensa: the extended being Scientia media: middle knowledge Socrates, dum sedet, necessario sedet, necessitate tamen non absoluta sed conditionata: when Socrates is sitting, necessarily he is sitting; the necessity, however, is not absolute, but conditional Summum bonum:the supreme good

32. Unum per se: a thing that is per se one Ut a quo: that from which Veritas est una et error multiplex: truth is one and error multiple Video meliora proboque, deteriora autem sequor : I see what is better, and I approve of it, but I follow what is less honourable