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CARBOHYDRATES 1

Carbohydrates (also called carbs) are a type of macronutrient found in certain foods and drinks. Sugars, starches and fiber are carbohydrates. Other macronutrients include fat and protein. Your body needs these macronutrients to stay healthy.

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CARBOHYDRATES 1

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. • Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a major source of energy from our diet. composed of the elements C, H and O. They are also called saccharides, which means “sugars.” • • Carbohydrates are produced by photosynthesis in plants such as glucose are synthesized in plants from CO2, H2O, and energy from the sun but are oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and energy

  3. • Formerly, carbohydrates were defined as a group of compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. The later 2 elements are in the same proportion as in water and were expressed by a formula Cn(H₂O)n. The word carbohydrates can be traced back to Germans, who called them “Kohlenhydrates”. It was then termed Carbohydrates in English. The definition is not valid as it was misleading few compounds like Acetic acid (C₂H₄O₂), lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃) which are not carbohydrates. To accommodate a wide variety of compounds, the carbohydrates are now-a-days broadly defined as polyhydroxy Aldehydes or Ketones. Carbohydrates are much abundant in plants, rather than in animals. • • • • •

  4. Classification

  5. • Another type of classification scheme is based on the hydrolysis of certain carbohydrates to simpler carbohydrates i.e. classifications based on number of sugar units in total chain. Monosaccharides: single sugar unit Disaccharides: two sugar units Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 sugar units Polysaccharides: more than 10 units 10 • • • •

  6. Monosaccharides • The general formula CnH2nOn with one of the carbons being the carbonyl group of either an aldehyde or a ketone. The most common monosaccharides have three to eight carbon atoms. The suffix-ose indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate, and the prefixes tri-, tetr-, pent-, and so forth indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group are classified as aldoses; those containing a ketone group are classified as ketoses. A ketose can also be indicated with the suffix ulose; thus, a five- carbon ketose is also termed a Pentulose. 9 • • • •

  7. Disaccharides • Formula (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) on hydrolysis yields 2 molecules of Monosaccharide's. Eg: Sucrose Glucose + Fructose. Maltose Glucose + Glucose. • • •

  8. SUCROSE SUCROSE MALTOSE MALTOSE

  9. POLYSACCHARIDES • Formula(C6H10O5)n On hydrolysis it produce Indefinite no. of Monosaccharide's molecules called as Glycans. Common Polysaccharides of biological significance are Starch , Glycogen(Animal starch),Cellulose , Inulin. Starch-Glucose units joined by α-1,4& α-1,6 linkages. Cellulose-Glucose units joined by β -1,4 linkages. • • • •

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