intro to sociology

1. Introductionto Sociology

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3. What is Sociology • “Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interactions.” • Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. (American Sociological Association)

4. Sociology and Science The Scientific Method • Science is “...a body of systematically arranged knowledge that shows the operation of general laws.” • As a science, sociology employs the scientific method Analyze Data Gather Data Choose research design Formulate hypotheses Review of literature

5. Subject Matter of Sociology Sociology is concerned with life and activities of man . It studies the nature and character of human society ,and also its origin and development ,structure and functions. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.

6. All human behavior is social so the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports.

7. Scope of Sociology The scope of sociology: studying all human relationships, groups, institutions, and societies. E.g., family & marriage…. Health & illness, racial & ethnic conflicts, poverty, education, immigration, gender, class, crime & punishment, environment & economic development all come under the scope of sociology.

8. The Development of Sociology • Sociology emerged as a separate discipline in the nineteenth century • This was a time of great social upheaval due largely to the French and Industrial Revolutions • Several early sociologists shaped the direction of the discipline

9. In-Class Discussion-Sociology of Tea

10. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) • Responsible for coining the term “sociology ” in his famous book “positive Philosophy ” at about 1839. • Set out to develop the “science of man” that would be based on empirical observation • Focused on two aspects of society: • Social Statics—forces which produce order and stability • Social Dynamics—forces which contribute to social change

11. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) • Authored the first sociology text, Principles of Sociology • Most well known for proposing a doctrine called “Social Darwinism” • Suggested that people who could not compete were poorly adapted to the environment and inferior • This is an idea commonly called survival of the fittest

12. Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Marx is the father of conflicttheory • Saw human history in a continual state of conflict between two major classes: • Bourgeoisie—owners of the means of production (capitalists) • Proletariat—the workers • Predicted that revolution would occur producing first a socialist state, followed by a communist society

13. Theoretical Perspectives: Functionalism • The functionalist perspective is based largely on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. • According to functionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.

14. Continued… Each of the social institutions contributes important functions for society as a whole. Functionalism sees society as a system of highly interrelated parts that work together harmoniously The image that functionalists use to understand society is a living organism. Each part of society works together for the benefit of the whole much like a living organism.

15. Conflict Perspective: • Conflict theory is grounded in the work of Karl Marx. • Conflict theory focuses heavily on inequality and differential distribution of power and wealth that leads to conflict. • According to conflict perspective rich(Bourgeiose) and powerful people force social order on the poor(Proletariate) and the weak. • Conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on.

16. Continued…… Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever‐changing nature of society , which is the normal state of affairs.

17. The Interactionist Perspective • It consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. • It Focuses on how individuals make sense of and interpret the world. • Symbolic interactionism also suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction. • This perspective tends to focus on the “micro-order” of small groups

18. Continued…. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Thus, symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols, as well as to those of others.