Chapter 28

1. Chapter 28 The cold War

2. US REACTION TO COMMUNISM • Satellite Nations: After WWII, USSR placed pro-Soviet governments to create a buffer zone against the West • British could no longer promote reconstruction in Greece and Turkey • TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Support Free peoples’ resistance to Communism • George Kennan -- Containment: Eastern Europe is already lost to Communism; US must stop the spread of Communism • IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line between communist countries and the “WEST”

3. Marshall Plan $13 B BERLIN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER

4. CAEN, FRANCE BEFORE AFTER

5. DRESDEN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER

6. LONDON, ENGLAND BEFORE AFTER

7. ROTTERDAM, HOLAND BEFORE AFTER

8. Allies partitioned Germany post-WWII and made occupied zones • Soviets dismantled factories in Western Berlin before handing over control, shipped Eastern German factories to USSR • British, French, Americans merged ones by February 1948 • Stalin cut off Western Berlin to stall Western German State • Berlin Airlift: 2.3 million tons of food over 277,500 flights

9. End of the Berlin Airlift • After almost a year, the Soviets lifted the blockade • September 1949: Konrad Adenauer elected the new chancellor of Federal Republic of Germany • German Democratic Republic established in Eastern Germany

10. COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance: • NATO: North Atlantic Treaty organization • Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA • WARSAW PACT: military alliance with its satellite nations • Mutual Deterrence: an arsenal of nuclear weapons prevented war by assuring if one nation launched the other nation would be able to respond

11. Cold War Heats up in Asia Fighting ended in 1951 80,000 Americans wounded 14,000 Dead • June, 1950 • 100,000 North Korean troops crossed 38˚ Parallel • Carried Soviet-made weapons • UN forces fought back • Inchon Landing: Led by Douglas MacArthur, surprise! • 260,000 Chinese troops crossed border • UN forces retreat to Seoul • MacArthur called for bombing of China

12. Cold War Heats up in Asia • Ho Chi Minh leader of Vietminh – multiparty nationalist alliance to take over Vietnam and kick out French • Chinese offered assistance to protect own borders • Geneva Conference, 1954: divided Vietnam in half • North Half: Communist led by Ho Chi Minh • Supposed to temporary  1956 elections for Vietnamese to choose what they wanted to be • Eisenhower didn’t allow them

13. Cold War Heats Up with Ike… • Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) • Massive Retaliation – full use of nukes • Eisenhower Doctrine: we will protect any Middle Eastern country asking for help • CENTO: Central Treaty Organization to stop the spread in Middle East • SEATO: Southeast Treaty Organization to stop the spread into Asia

14. Vienna Conference • JFK invited Khrushchev to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions • Khrushchev demanded: • US and allies recognize Communist East Germany as an independent nation • Withdraw from West Berlin

15. Vienna Conference • West Berlin was an “island of freedom” surrounded by East Germany • 3.5 Million East Germans escaped through West Berlin • JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin • Called reserves into active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany

16. Cuban Missile Crisis • US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive • Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba • USSR concerned about nuclear missiles placed in Turkey • Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to – air missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba

17. Cuban Missile Crisis • JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba • 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs • JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike • Followed by an invasion • Act of war • Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade • This would be an act of war too, less threatening • JFK chose blockade • For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet ships sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!

18. Khrushchev wrote a letter… • Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to never invade Cuba • Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull missiles out of Turkey • JFK ignored the second letter • Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take missiles out • This is the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war • JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could communicate directly • Limited Test Ban Treaty: end testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere & underwater

19. Decolonization- 1947 - 1962 • No preparation had occurred • Most political activities were nonviolent • Mau Mau Movement: Kenyan Kikuyu used terrorism to demand “uhuru” (freedom) from British (given in 1959) • 1952: army coup overthrow King Farouk and set up independent republic in Egypt • National Liberation Front (FLN) fought guerrilla war to liberate Algeria (granted 1962 by De Gaulle) • Apartheid: South African system of racial segregation • White government brutally repressed demonstration, arresting African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela

20. Palestine & Israel • In 1947 Great Britain gave up its mandate of Palestine • United Nations divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab State • May 14, 1948: state of Israel • 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israel gained 26% more land • 1954: Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, British and French attacked, the US and USSR sided with Egypt

21. Pan-Arabism: Arab unity • United Arab Republic (UAR) – Egypt and Syria united in 1958, Nasser president • Military leaders seized control of Syria and withdrew it • Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) – Palestinian peoples (not immigrants from abroad) have the right to form a state • Al-Fatah – led by Yasir Arafat (1929-2004) • Guerilla group launched terrorist attacks on Israelis • 1967: Six Day War: Israel launched preemptive air strikes against Arab neighbors, wiped out Egyptian air force, • Seized West Bank, Jerusalem, Golan Heights

22. Republic of China • Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek based in southern and central China supported by US • Communists under Mao Zedong in North had the People’s Liberation Army of one million troops • War culminated in 1948 when the PLA surrounded Beijing and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan • October 1, 1949: Mao declared the People’s Republic of China • Privatizing land failed to increase food production • Great Leap Forward (1958) created communes but failed to boost food production.

23. USSR • Stalin poisoned in 1953 • Nikita Khrushchev implemented de-Stalinization by closing prison camps and reducing the power of secret police • Uprisings in Eastern Europe and the Cuban Missile Crisis angered Party members and Khrushchev was voted out in 1964 • Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) took control

24. Behind the Iron Curtain • Soviet forces stayed in all Eastern Europe except Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece • Albanian Communists created an independent regime • Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito, didn’t give in to Stalin • More decentralized economic and political system • Stalinization: five year plans instituted with heavy industry, collectivized agriculture, repression • Poland had uprising after Khrushcehv’s denunciation • Wladyslaw Gomulka declared Poland had right to follow own socialist path • Inspired Hungary to declare freedom in 1956, Red army invaded Budapest and took back control

25. Putting Western Europe Back Together • Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)French Popular Movement, rightist organization, called for stronger presidency • Fourth Republic, struggling over Indochina and Algeria gave control to de Gaule • 1958: Fifth Republic enhanced power of president • Choose Prime Minister, dissolve parliament • Nationalized industry

26. Putting Western Europe Back Together • Clement Attlee (1883-1967) brought Labour government into power to reform and create a • Welfare State: nationalization of Bank of England, coal and steel, public transportation, public utilities • National Insurance Act of 1946 • Social security, nationalized medical insurance • National Health Service Act of 1946 • Socialized medicine: doctors and dentists work with state hospitals • Costs: dismantle British Empire, end aid to Greece & Turkey • Lost Incomes from WWII + international commitments +Welfare State + Higher Wages = No World Power

27. France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy • European Coal and Steel Community – create a common market by eliminating tariffs • European Atomic Energy Community (EUROTOM) researched peaceful uses of nuclear energy • European Economic Community (EEC) (Common Market) – eliminated customs barriers, created common external tariff, encouraged cooperation and standardization • Only the US had higher steel production

28. Society • White Collar Jobs  specialized knowledge required higher education, emphasis on children’s education • Consumer Society: installment plans became widespread in 1950s • Mass Leisure: rising incomes, shorter work hours = music, sports, media became commercialized • Welfare State: sought to remove class barriers, free tuition, healthcare, family allowances • Women continued to work, at a lower wage • The Second Sex: Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), major text of Second Wave Feminism

29. Art & Literature • Abstract Expressionism: “action painting,” spontaneous, energetic, envelopes viewer in emotion and movement • Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) • Pop Art: took images of pop culture and transformed into fine art, mass produced, expressed fleeting whims of culture • Andy Warhol (1930-1987)

30. Literature • “Theatre of the Absurd” • France 1950s • Samuel Beckett (1906-1990): Waiting for Godot (1952) • Suspense is kept by wondering what is happening NOW? • Shows the disillusionment of time in politics and religion • Existentialism: absence of God in universe, we are hopeless in the universe, life is absurd • Authenticity! Be true to yourself-! • Jean-PauleSarte(1905-1980) • Albert Camus (1913-1980)