WEEK 9

1. English language 4 WEEK 9

2. WEEK 9 • Doping: • Discussion • Texts and related vocabulary • Videos of famous sportspeople being banned from competitions and having their medals revoked due to doping • Grammar: Third conditional

3. DISCUSSION • What is your attitude to athletes who take doping? • Do you know how can performance-enhancing agents affect athlete’s health?

4. DISCUSSION • Football, soccer, basketball, tennis, swimming, cycling, track-and-field, body-building, baseball, weightlifting, boxing, wrestling, ice hockey, rugby, and other sports, all have a track record of performance-enhancing drug usage. • Each year, over 3000 athletes worldwide test positive for banned substances. • Since sports were invented, people have cheated. From figure skaters breaking competitors' legs, to marathon runners disappearing into the crowd and taking the subway, scandal populates sporting history.

5. DISCUSSION • In November 2015, Russian athletes were banned from international competition after widespread, state-sponsored doping put sporting integrity and athletes' lives at risk. • Pierre Weiss, former general secretary of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), commented: "Not only are these athletes cheating their fellow competitors but at these levels are putting their health and even their own lives in very serious danger."

6. DISCUSSION • In January 2013, the retired American cyclist Lance Armstrong admitted to doping in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, and was stripped of his seven Tour de France wins and banned from sport for life. • Sports bring people together, but their heady mix of pride, politics and big money can be lethal.

7. WHAT DRUGS ARE ATHLETES USING? • The most commonly used substances are androgenic agents such as anabolic steroids. These allow athletes to train harder, recover more quickly and build more muscle, but they can lead to kidney damage and increased aggression. • Other side-effects include baldness and low sperm count for men, and increased facial hair and deepened voices for women. • Anabolic steroids are usually taken either in tablet form or injected into muscles. Some are applied to the skin in creams or gels.

8. WHAT DRUGS ARE ATHLETES USING? • Then there are stimulants, which make athletes more alert and can overcome the effects of fatigue by increasing heart-rate and blood flow. But they are addictive and, in extreme cases, can lead to heart failure. • Diuretics and masking agents are used to remove fluid from the body, which can hide other drug use or, in sports such as boxing and horse racing, help competitors "make the weight".

9. WHAT DRUGS ARE ATHLETES USING? • Narcotic analgesics and cannabinoids are used to mask the pain caused by injury or fatigue - but in practice can make injuries worse. They are also addictive. Products such as morphine and oxycodone are banned but the opiate-derived painkiller codeine is allowed. • Then there are peptide hormones. These are substances such as EPO (erythropoietin) - which increases bulk, strength and red blood cell count and gives athletes more energy - and HGH (human growth hormone), which builds muscle.

10. WHAT DRUGS ARE ATHLETES USING? • Less common is blood doping, where blood is removed from the body and injected back in later to boost oxygen levels. This practice, which can lead to kidney and heart failure, is banned. • Glucocorticoids mask serious injury because they are anti-inflammatories and affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins, and regulate glycogen and blood pressure levels. • Beta blockers, meanwhile, which may be prescribed for heart attack prevention and high blood pressure, are banned in sports such as archery and shooting because they keep the heart-rate low and reduce trembling in the hands. • A full list of banned substances in athletics can be found on the IAAF website.

11. THIRD CONDITIONAL • The third conditional uses the Past Perfect after if, then 'would/could/might' and have + past participle: if + past simple, ...would/could/might + have + past participle • First, we can use it to talk about imaginary situations in the past: If I had known Beth is in London, I would have visited her. • To express regret: If I hadn’t gone to bed so late last night, I would have woken up on time this morning. • To criticize somebody or something: If you had completed your degree, you might have found a better job.

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY • N, Scheglova, Healthy lifestyle • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219897/ • https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/33997246 • https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305421.php • https://www.forbes.com/sites/roomykhan/2017/12/31/doping-in-sports-cheating-or-leveling-of-the-playing-field/#6a9373b575ec • https://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping#prohibited-list • https://www.google.com/search?q=doping&client=firefox-b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja9KqthMLeAhUCMewKHdhOAcgQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgdii=bshmUadYJgCIwM:&imgrc=sBRob5i_14OWRM: • https://www.google.com/search?q=doping&client=firefox-b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja9KqthMLeAhUCMewKHdhOAcgQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgdii=W6ZIZg3rj2CQSM:&imgrc=uOOqsgk2iXaTEM: • https://www.google.com/search?q=doping&client=firefox-b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja9KqthMLeAhUCMewKHdhOAcgQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=ikRMTncn9y1HAM: • https://www.google.com/search?q=doping&client=firefox-b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja9KqthMLeAhUCMewKHdhOAcgQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=hO79P7IX3OsWLM: