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Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement

Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement. Monasticism Conversions within Europe Popular Piety and Personal Religious Practice Reform Efforts in the 11 th and 12 th Centuries. Monasticism. Asceticism Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (@251-356)

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Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement

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  1. Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement • Monasticism • Conversions within Europe • Popular Piety and Personal Religious Practice • Reform Efforts in the 11th and 12th Centuries

  2. Monasticism • Asceticism • Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (@251-356) • Celtic: St. Patrick (5th C.; dies in 490)

  3. St. Anthony of Egypt: Ascetic Monasticism The Temptation of St. Anthony by Bosch

  4. Monasticism • Asceticism • Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (@251-356) • Celtic: St. Patrick (5th cent.; dies in 490) • Communal • Celtic: St. Columba (521-597) • St. Benedict: Rule for Monasteries (c. 530)

  5. Celtic Communal Monasticism: St. Columba (521-597) • Very ascetic • AKA St. Colmcille • Columba founded the Monastery at Iona off coast of Scotland, and his students traveled throughout Europe

  6. St. Benedict of Nursia • Rule for Monasteries, (@529-530) • Monastery at Monte Cassino • His rule promoted as model for communal monasticism based on prayer, study, and physical labor

  7. Monastic Legacy: Sacred Texts The Book of Kells (Ireland)

  8. Monasticism • Asceticism • Eastern: St. Anthony of Egypt (c. 251-356) • Celtic: St. Patrick (5th cent., dies in 490) • Communal • Celtic: St. Columba (521-597) • St. Benedict: Rule for Monasteries (c. 530) • Other Members of the Clergy: The “Secular” Clergy

  9. Christian Conversions in Europe • Methods • By the Sword: Role of the papal alliance with the Franks

  10. The Conversion of Clovis (c. 495) by St. Remi at Reims

  11. Christian Conversions in Europe • Methods • By the Sword: Role of the papal alliance with the Franks • By the Cross: missionaries and monks: St. Boniface (680-754) Results: Syncretic Christianity

  12. Medieval Christianity to the Cluny Reform Movement • Monasticism • Conversions within Europe • Popular piety and personal religious practice • Reform efforts in the 11th and 12th centuries

  13. Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity • Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days • Followed Pagan/Agricultural Calendar • Hallowe’en (All Hallows Eve) • Christmas • Carnival (Carne vale or goodbye to meat) • Easter (St. Jerome “Against Vigilantius”) • Pentecost • Veneration of saints

  14. Veneration of the Saints • Saints of Local Interest • Often Individuals who had impact in the area • May or may not be “officially” Canonized by Church • Example: Ursula of Cologne

  15. St. Ursula, Cologne • “St. Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins” • 4th c. British princess avoiding marriage to a pagan prince and dies after visit to Rome • Legend mixes pagan with Christian • 12th c. re-emergence

  16. Veneration of the Saints • Saints of Local Interest • Often Individuals who had impact in the area • May not be “officially” Canonized by Church • Example: Ursula of Cologne • “International” Saints • Individuals with wide reputations • Generally acknowledged by Church • Mary: Mother of Jesus, esp’ly from 11th c.

  17. Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity • Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days • Veneration of saints • Local or International (Mary) • Pilgrimage

  18. Pilgrimage • Sites associated with Saints or Key Events • Long and Short Pilgrimages • Longer trips could last up to a year • Longer trips often performed by or organized by the wealthy/landed classes • Financial aid • Shorter Trips “counted” less, but allowed for more participation

  19. Popular Piety: Witnessing Syncretic Christianity • Calendar Christianity: Holy-Days • Followed Pagan/Agricultural Calendar • Examples: Hallowe’en, Christmas, Carnival, Easter (St. Jerome “Against Vigilantius”), Pentecost • Saint Veneration: Local or International (Mary) • Pilgrimage • Sites Associated with Saints or Key Events • Long and Short Pilgrimages • Relic Veneration

  20. Relic Veneration • Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church • Not unique to Christian churches • Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person • Reliquaries

  21. Reliquaries with Slivers of the True Cross

  22. Relic Veneration • Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church • Not unique to Christian churches • Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person • Reliquaries • Incorporates Veneration of Saints and Magic: • Differences between East and West

  23. The Foot of St. Basil, @4th C.

  24. Relic Veneration • Blend of “High” Church and “Low” Church • Not unique to Christian churches • Christian doctrine develops over time: NOT worship of the object itself, but connection to the divine through object associated with a holy person • Reliquaries • Incorporates Veneration of Saints and Magic: • Differences between East and West • Other Examples • The “True Cross”: St. Helena (326) • Gregory of Tours

  25. Discovery of the True Cross, St. Helena (326 CE)

  26. Veneration of a Relic of the True Cross

  27. Gregory of Tours (c. 588) “Often I heard how even the lamps [at Poitiers] that were lit in front of these relics bubbled up because of the divine power and dripped so much oil that frequently they filled a vessel underneath. But because of the foolishness of my closed mind I was never motivated to believe these stories until that power which is at present being revealed reproved my slow-witted hesitation. . .”

  28. Clunaic Reforms and Medieval Society • Church Reform in the 11th and 12th centuries • Papacy of Innocent III • Impact of Emphasis on Spirituality: New Orders • Medieval Society (c. 1000 – 1300)

  29. Church Reform in the 11th & 12th Centuries • Practices open to dispute • Investiture • Simony • “Concubinage” (clerical marriage) • The Monastery at Cluny (910) • Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II • Election Decree (1059) • Gregory VII (1073-1085), Henry IV (1056-1106) and the Investiture Conflict • Canossa (1077) Who won? • Concordat of Worms (1122)

  30. Papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216) • Firm believer in papal authority • Built up the Business of the Papacy • Added taxes: Peter’s Pence, Annates • Reserved right to forgive certain sins • Extended crusades inside Europe to attack Heresy • Albigensians (Cathars) in southern France • Fourth Lateran Council (1215) • Established transubstantiation as doctrine • Formalized penance and eucharistic requirements

  31. Sign of Spirituality: New Orders • Several Ascetic Orders Founded in 11th century. • Carthusians (1084) • Cistercians (1098) • New Mendicant Orders of 13th century • Friars not monks • Franciscans (1210) • Dominicans (1216)

  32. Monastic Reforms: the Cistercians Founded 1098 in Citeaux Robert of Molesme and Benedictine Monks Led by Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) Return to asceticism and strict discipline Distance from secular society Monasteries in Wilderness

  33. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)

  34. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)

  35. Dominicans (sanctioned 1216)

  36. Sign of Spirituality: New Orders • Several Ascetic Orders Founded in 11th C. • Carthusians (1084) • Cistercians (1098) • New Mendicant Orders • Friars not Monks • Franciscans (1210) • Dominicans (1216) • Tertiaries: Lay people following the rule of an order • Women: Monastic (Hildegard of Bingen) and lay religious (Beguines)

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