Sections of a Scientific Report

1. Aims and Objectives • To examine psychological report writing. • To understand the wider connection of psychological report writing. • To understand the essential ingredients of psychological report writing. Sections of a Scientific Report Preps part A and B due Friday 11/1/19

2. Sections of a Psychology Report Why is it written? What is in it? Title Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Appendices https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r57XUhwwuKY

3. Title DV This is given to help the reader know the topic. It includes the IV and DV where possible. IV

4. ABSTRACT This is presented at the beginning of a report and summarises the research. It outlines the aim, method, participants, results and discussion and is very useful when deciding if you want to read the entire article.

5. Introduction This part of the report is used to give some context about the area of research the study is in and any key developments in explaining the behaviour of interest. Usually this part will also explain the rationale for this specific piece of research and why it will further research in this area.

6. Method This is a step-by-step set of instructions about how you will carry out your research and should be clear enough that another person could replicate your procedure in exactly the same way. This means having precise timings and measurements that include the design, apparatus, participants and the procedure itself.

7. RESULTS

8. RESULTS • Psychologists need to draw a table to put in input all of the raw data, this is the actual scores/answers taken from each participant. • The next step will be to calculate some descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range)

9. Tables/ Graphs • Psychologists could display the results via a bar chart, histogram, pie chart scatter gram..

10. RESULTS Next step is an inferential statistic such as: • Chi-squared • Mann Whitney • T-Test • Spearman's Rho • Binomial

11. Inferential Statistics • Psychologists use an inferential statistic in their results. • This will allow them to • accept/reject the null hypothesis, • and thus reject/accept the experimental / alternative hypothesis (this means the directional or non-directional hypothesis).

12. DISCUSSION This section refers back to the rationale of the study and explains what progress the research has made in its field, if any. Further to this any criticisms of the study will be presented here along with suggestions for future research.

13. DISCUSSION

14. References Referencing is a bit like tagging your friends when you add pictures of them on social media sites. By you tagging your friends, you are acknowledging your friends in the photographs.

15. References Referencing is a similar process only that when you access other psychologists research, studies or literature, it is good manners to acknowledge researchers in your work.

16. References It is the Introduction and Discussion sections of your report that you will need to acknowledge researchers’ theories, studies or models.

17. References Another reason why this is important is when research is referenced – it is a way of thanking the author for using their research to help their research.

18. References Lastly, by referencing, it allows others to access your references so readers can read the referenced articles

19. References This is a record of all the sources of information the researcher/s have used such as books or journal articles. • Cardwell, M. Flanagan, C. (2004) Psychology The Complete Companion. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. • Baker, J. Bezance, J. Zellaby, E. Aggleton, J. (2004) Chewing gum can produce context-dependent effects upon memory. [online] Page 1, 2, 3. Available from: http://www.scq.ubc.ca/papers/1103gum.pdf [Accessed on 4/3/09]

20. Appendices (plural of appendix) This section is used to include any further information or analyses that may be of use to the reader and will be referred to in the article. • Stimulus sheets (word lists etc.) • Consent form • Debrief sheet • Standard instruction sheet • Calculations (statistics) • References.

21. Peer Review

22. Sections of a Scientific Report

23. Sections of a Scientific Report

24. For your chosen section of the scientific report, explain WHY yours is the most important part https://quizlet.com/63732085/ocr-psychology-report-writing-flash-cards/ https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=a0b14154-a006-4b9e-acf3-f7eff9e5cf6f

25. In your pairs / 3s, put the sections of a scientific report into order

26. The Harvard Referencing System Referencing is a bit like tagging your friends when you add pictures of them on social media sites. By you tagging your friends, you are acknowledging your friends in the photographs.

27. The Harvard Referencing System Referencing is a similar process only that when you access other psychologists research, studies or literature, it is academic convention to acknowledge researchers in your work. It is the Introduction and Discussion sections of your report that you will need to acknowledge researchers’ theories, studies or models.

28. The Harvard Referencing System Another reason why this is important is when research is referenced – it is a way of you thanking the author for using their research to help construct the purpose of your research. Additionally, by referencing, you are allowing others to access your references so readers can read the referenced articles.

29. The Harvard Referencing System Most importantly, doing this protects you against plagiarism – one of the most common mistakes that students can get penalised for not referencing. The message – be extremely careful when referencing literature in your academic work. The most common referencing method is Harvard Referencing.

30. The Harvard Referencing System Referencing a book Who, When, What, Where & By Whom Darwin, C. (1972) The Origin of Species. London: Dent. General format for journal articles: Surname[s] of author[s], Initial[s]. (Year) Title of article, Journal Title, Volume (Part), Pages Wong, S. T. and Goodin, S. (2009) Overcoming drug resistance in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Pharmacotherapy, 29 (2), 954-965. Websites: include the date accessed http://www.bmj.com/ (Accessed 16/03/2009) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prETpsgBU4w

31. The Harvard Referencing System

32. The Harvard Referencing System Grant, H. M., Lane, C. Bredahl, J. C., Clay. J., Ferrie, J., Groves, J. E., McDorman, T. A. & Dark, V. J. (1998) Context dependent memory for meaningful material: Information for students. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, (6), 617–623. Sperry, R. W. (1968) Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. American Psychologist, 23, 723–733.

33. The Harvard Referencing System Reference the book on your desk

34. Harvard Referencing: Starter Task Who When What Where it is published and by whom

35. Harvard Referencing: Compiling a Citation Answers 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C

36. Harvard Referencing …is a way of …other peoples’ ideas and work. You do this through a …in the text of your writing and a (reference) at the end of your work. The citation within the text of your work is brief … and the year. The … is a list of … that you have cited or … to help improve your understanding of the topic. The format of the Harvard referencing is who, … what was written – …, where it was .. and by whom.

37. Peer Review Publication is the goal of any research. Unless other people know of the research it is not useful. Typically research is first published in journals, these are stored in yearly volumes and they form a permanent scientific record. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOCQZ7QnoN0 When we read the research that has been published in journals we need to know that it is of good quality and hasn’t simply been made up. In order to achieve this, research goes through a system of peer review.

38. The system begins with the research paper being submitted to a journal for consideration for publication. Peer Review The editor of the journal examines the topic and sends the paper to other psychologists who are experts in the field. Their critical appraisal of the work is returned with recommendations about suitability for publication.

39. Peer Review To ensure high standards are maintained, the editor will either accept the research for publication, or suggest revisions should be made before resubmitting it or they may decide to reject the research altogether. Peer review acts as a control mechanism only allowing only high quality research to appear in the public domain.

40. Using your prep research, fill in this page

41. Not a good way of measuring Attainment (the grades you get) Doesn’t prove there is something wrong with you Lack of knowledge

42. Peer Review

43. Peer Review

44. Designing your own Research In Paper 1 section B (research design and response), you will be required to design your own investigation, from a novel source provided. In order to do well in this part of the exam it is essential that you apply knowledge from your own practical activities https://create.kahoot.it/create#/edit/19f07f3d-d486-4f4c-ad3b-d89d1b50e641/done

45. Designing your own Research • self-report (e.g. colour and car choice, pet ownership) • observation (e.g. viewing Facebook profile pictures, observing bad X factor auditions) • experiment (e.g. Kim’s Game, ruler drop test) • and correlation (e.g. height and shoe size).

46. Designing your own Research • You will be given a 12 or 15-mark question. You will be a given a scenario asking you to plan an investigation. • The question will also ask you to refer to 3 or 4 required features within your answer. These could come from any part of the research methods content that you have learnt and could refer to the type of investigation, sampling method, experimental design, controls, ethics, reliability, validity, or even data analysis.

47. How to Do Well on these Questions? • Identifying each of the required Features (from each of the bullet points) • Explaining (how you would be doing this – enough for replication) • in context (using the unique words of the story) • Justifying (why it is right to do here) • referring to Own research (to show a similarity / experience)

48. Designing your own Research • Feature (from each of the bullet points) • Explained (how you would be doing this – enough for replication) • in context (using the unique words of the story) • Justified (why it is right to do here) • referring to Own research (to show a similarity)

49. Practice Question: Explain how you would carry out a self-report to investigate the effects of Facebook use. You must refer to: • a questionnaire or an interview • open or closed questions • how you may check the reliability of responses You should use your own experience of carrying out an experiment to inform your response. Justify your decisions as part of your explanation. 12 marks • Feature • Explained • in Context • Justified • Own research Why was this so good. What have they done well?

50. Feature • Explained • in Context • Justified • Own research Why was this so good? What have they done well? http://www.classtools.net/education-games-php/fruit_machine