The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

1. The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, associate professor Department of Information and Communication Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb hrvoje.stancic@zg.t-com.hr

2. Contents • Introduction • The problem • The record • Digital preservation • Cloud computing • Preservation in the cloud • Conclusion • Assignment Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

3. Introduction Custodial paradigm • archive as a place where records are kept • role of the archive is to physically protect and preserve important records • physical responsibility for the records after they have been removed from the primary context Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

4. Introduction ... Custodial paradigm  • digitization of businesses and management  EDMS, ERMS, ECMS ... + digital archives, digital libraries, digital repositories ...  Postcustodial paradigm • archive is taking an active role in preservation of records in their original context i.e. within the producers' information / document / record / enterprise content management systems Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

5. Introduction ... Discourse of the postcustodial paradigm • deliberation on the supervising role of archives • re-definition of archival unit and provenance • long-term responsibility for the archival materials • digital archives, record management systems, metadata Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

6. The problem • fast and constant ICT development • speed of data processing • network throughput • ways of connecting • services • impact on MLA institutions, information-documentation centers, firms... • e-materials/heritage – how to preserve for the long-term Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

7. The problem ... • fastdegradationof: • medium • format • access • view • search • usage • trustworthiness / authenticity Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

8. The problem ... • Every form of information object requires specific approach to the process of preservation! • Information object • physical, logical and conceptual level • characteristics and interrelations • important for preservation • permit the possibility of records in the different form (?) intended usage Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

9. .doc .pdf Conceptual level .jpg

10. The problem ... • each realisation functions well – depending on the intended usage • reading (page) (.doc, .pdf, .jpg) • printing (.doc, .pdf, .jpg) • copying parts of text (.doc, .pdf) • text editing (.doc) Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

11. The problem ... • the impact of time • physical changes on media • media generations • file versions • intellectual – understanding a document from the context – importance of authenticity Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

12. The record • today • record is neither only document nor only object • it is independent of the medium it is carried on • it is not physically recorded in a logical order in any computer system Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

13. The record ... • Luciana Duranti (Head of the InterPARES projects): • Record is any document created (created or received and maintained) by a physical or juridical person in the course of a business transaction or as its result. Duranti, Luciana, The Concept of Electronic Record, in: Duranti, Luciana, Eastwood, Terry iMacNeil,Heather, Preservation of Integrity of Electronic Records, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, TheNetherlands, 2002 Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

14. The record ... • ISO 15489-1 – Information and documentation – Records management, 2001, <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=3190>, 10 April 2013 • “the record should contain, or be persistently linked to, or associated with, the metadata necessary to document a transaction, as follows: • the structure of a record, that is, its format and the relationships between the elements comprising the record, should remain intact • the business context in which the record was created, received and used should be apparent in the record Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

15. The record ... • the links between documents, held separately but combining to make up a record, should be present” • structured record + metadata  electronic records management system  assume characteristics • authenticity • reliability • integrity • usability Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

16. The record ... ISO 15489-1 – Information and documentation – Records management, 2001, 7.2.2. “An authenticrecord is one that can be proven: • to be what it purports to be, • to have been created or sent by the person purported to have created or sent it, and • to have been created or sent at the time purported.” Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

17. The record ... “A reliable record is one whose contents can be trusted as a full and accurate representation of the transactions, activities or facts to which they attest and can be depended upon in the course of subsequent transactions or activities.” Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

18. The record ... “The integrity of a record refers to its being complete and unaltered. It is necessary that a record be protected against unauthorized alteration [...] and specify what additions or annotations may be made to a record after it is created, under what circumstances additions or annotations may be authorized, and who is authorized to make them. Any authorized annotation, addition or deletion to a record should be explicitly indicated and traceable.” Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

19. The record ... “A useable record is one that can be located, retrieved, presented and interpreted. It should be capable of subsequent presentation as directly connected to the business activity or transaction that produced it. The contextual linkages of records should carry the information needed for an understanding of the transactions that created and used them. [...] The links between records that document a sequence of activities should be maintained.” Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

20. The record ... • analogue record  electronic record • original order • analogue records – physical category • e-records – logical category, consumed at the conceptual level of record • record • has its own categories (documentary form, annotations, context) • structure + metadata = wholeness • characteristics (authenticity, reliability, integrity, usability) Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

21. analysis search authenticity result usability reliability integrity activity records management system proof Structure of e-record i, ii, iii A, B, C 1, 2, 3, 4

22. Digital preservation • What kind of records do we need to preserve? • How much functionality do we need to preserve? • Is it important to preserve records' interconnections? • OAIS RM (ISO 14721 standard) • Open Archival Information System Reference Model Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

23. Digital preservation ... OAIS Structure: • Information model • information object • information package • Transformation model • ingest • storage • access • Functional model Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

24. Digital preservation ... OAIS functional model Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

25. Digital preservation... general 13 7 12 11 6 10 Applicability 3 9 5 2 8 4 1 specific preserve technology preserve objects Objective Thibodeau, Kenneth, Overview of Technological Approaches to Digital Preservation and Challenges in Coming Years, in: The State of Digital Preservation: An International Perspective, Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), Washington, D.C., SAD, July 2002, pp. 4-31, <http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub107/pub107.pdf> 1. Maintain original technology Migration methods 8. Version migration 9. Format standardisation 10. Rosetta stone translation 11. Typed object conversion 12. Object interchange format (XML) Methods for representation of preserved records in new environment 2. Programmable chips 3. Emulation 4. Viewer 5. Re-engineer software Generic properties description method 13. Persistent archives Methods for abstraction of properties and functions of preserved records 6. Virtual machine 7. Universal virtual computer (UVC) + Data recovery method / data archaeology (retroactive)

26. Digital preservation ... • characteristic of almost all preservation methods – usage of certain idea from another similar method or the whole method as a starting point to build upon • common goal set by all methods – preservation of e-records in the original form or at least keeping their most important characteristics  imply some kind of changes Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

27. Digital preservation ... • The key question:Can we trust MLA (or any other) institutions to be able to preserve digital materials just because they are established institutions in preservation of analogue materials? • No! The paradigm is different! They have to re-establish themselves! • The need for certification! Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

28. Digital preservation ... • OAIS RM (ISO 14721) • conceptual framework for internal repository organization • Trusted Digital Repository (TDR) model • institutional organization and dedication to preservation • ISO 9000 group of standards • components of institutional and system management • ISO 17799 • safety of data and information management systems • ISO 15489 • Information and documentation – Records management • etc. Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

29. Cloud computing • Enterscloudcomputing • The cloud computing paradigm includes a spectrum of many models • Classification of cloud infrastructures differentiates (at least) between: • 3 service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS Software, Platform, Infrastructure -as-a-Service) • 4 deployment models (Private, Community, Public, Hybrid Cloud) Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

30. Cloud computing ... • Tendency of transition to cloud services because of: • availability of data from any place with an internet connection through mobile or tablet clients • usage of cloud applications and cloud storage diminishes the need for hardware and software maintenance • cloud applications licensing models Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

31. Cloud computing ... • Where is long-term preservation of e-materials in all that? • How can archival community remain a key actor in the area of digital preservation? • Should it continue to influence content creators or refocus to service providers? Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

32. Preservation in the cloud ... • Four scenarios when archiving in the cloud: • Service providers are responsible for control of archived content without much interference and additional control taken by creators and archival institutions • Creators invest much effort in additional control of unstandardized services • Services are standardized through best practices and creators recognize the importance of choosing providers consistent to these practices • Archival community is actively involved in the new concept of archiving and influence providers' practices  Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

33. Archive (records) records Content creators Custody Archive Content creators (records) monitoring supervision Postcustody Archive Content creators advisory actions Postcustody 2.0 records internet connection Cloud services (AaaS) Best practices (influence) Cloud services (records) Stancic, Rajh, Milosevic, Archiving-as-a-Service, UNESCO Memory of the World in the Digital Age, Vancouver, September 26-28 2012

34. Conclusion • Are we witnessing an addition to the postcustodial paradigm or a more important change? • Long-term preservation is in the process of being introduced as a cloud-based service • Importance of preservation planning– should be recognized among users and providers as well Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

35. Conclusion ... • Cloud service providers should cooperate more with the designated communities and experts in the field of archival science in order to be able to offer services tuned up to the specific archival needs and requirements, i.e. to offer preservation-aware services Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

36. Conclusion ... • Archival community • should persuade various cloud recordkeeping service providers to prevent content obsolescence by adding functionalities such as content analyses and preparation for migrations and/or emulations • active involvement in production of best practice documents(and standards in time) for cloud implementations Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

37. Conclusion ... • Keep an eye on the project activities and results of several projects: • Records in the Cloudhttp://www.recordsinthecloud.org • InterPARES Trust (2013-2018) Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

38. Assignment • Possible essay topics fall in the domain of the long-term digital preservation. • An essay should present a research in the mentioned area, have analytic approach, argument of the personal opinions and possibly present new findings. Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation

39. The Postcustodial Paradigm and Trends in Digital Preservation Ph. D. Hrvoje Stančić, associate professor Department of Information and Communication Sciences Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb hrvoje.stancic@zg.t-com.hr