OCG-6, 27 April 2015, Cape Town, South Africa

1. EGO: Everyone’s Gliding Observatories Towards a global glider network Pierre Testor LOCEAN, CNRS, Paris, France EGO/GROOM ‘artistic’ view OCG-6, 27 April 2015, Cape Town, South Africa

2. EGO: gliders capabilities Data Centers Land Station 1km users ~2-5km • Maneuverable ; U ~ 25km/day ; a ‘dive’ in ~0.5-5h(1-2 ‘vertical’ profiles) • Physical and biogeochemical sensors (ECV/EOV: T, S, O2, fluo Chl-a, fluo CDOM, Optical Backscatter, Nitrates, ADCP, Hydrophones,… ) • + average currents over the dives • Versatile and reusable

3. Pot. Dens. Pot. Temp Fluo Chla Turbidity Oxygen Salinity 193 km/h Gliders reveal a wide range of variability (smallbasin scales) A vertical section from a glider: north south Northern Current Mixed patch North Balearic Front eddies Plumes ~1km • Gliders: • allow to study the physical-biogeochemical coupling • are present at sea even during strong weather conditions

4. MOOSE gliders Example of the northwestern Mediterranean We know the temperature of deep waters (>700m) is increasing since the 70s (Bethoux et al. 1998) But no similar assessment could be made for the surface and intermediate layers… 13.3 Pot. Temp (>700m) 13.1 12.9 12.7 1990 2000 2010 1970 1980 At depth: small variability (~0.1degC)  low (small) frequency signals can emerge But above: larger variability, strong need of much more observations to reduce uncertainties … before the gliders era 14,000 profiling floats gliders ships XBTs/XCTDs 4,000 2014: all Temperature profiles Nb of profiles per year in the NWMED

5. 300km 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2007 2007 2015 2015 Multidisciplinary data • Surface and intermediate layers • in the Gulf of Lions • Contrasts between the open ocean (grey) and the coast (pink, orange, purple) • indicators of dynamical regimes (full line = significant and not aliased) AW temperature LIW temperature Seasonal cycles Interannual variability LIW salinity AW salinity Abrupt changes / reversals

6. 300km 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2007 2007 2015 2015 Multidisciplinary data Surface and intermediate layers in the Ligurian Sea Contrasts between the open ocean (grey) and the coast (green and blue)  indicators of dynamical regimes (full line = significant and not aliased) AW temperature LIW temperature Seasonal cycles Interannual variability LIW salinity AW salinity Abrupt changes / reversals

7. EGO: a glider community EU, USA, Canada, Australia, Mexico, South Africa, Peru, Chile,… (academics+manufacturers) • 6 EGO meetings and Glider Schools (>2006) • Showcase website • http://www.ego-network.org • International fleet experiments • OceanObs’09 White Paper (Testor and 44 co-authors, 2010). Gliders (10,000 unique visitors and 100,000 pageviews per year) • are perfectly suited for physical, biogeochemical and biological measurements • can be used in combination with the other components of the GOOS • can enhance the spatio-temporal sampling of the GOOS (in-situ) where required • OceanObs’09  need for a glider component in the GOOS in line with the other components, recommendations .

8. EGO, gliders and the GOOS Liblik T., J. Karstensen, P. Testor, P. Alenius, D. Hayes, S. Ruiz, K. J. Heywood, S. Pouliquen, L. Mortier and E. Mauri (2015): The potential for a glider component in the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS),J. Operational Oceanogr., submitted Literature review 100 scientific papers selected • Gliders have a high potential for synergy with several GOOS components. • Gliders have a long list of mission-proved sensor payload to carry a great variety of sensors (e.g. pressure, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, Chl-a fluorescence, CDOM, turbidity, phycocobilins, PAR, turbulence, nitrate, different acoustic sensors). • Gliders can bridge spatial, temporal, and variable sampling gaps in the present GOOS carrying out coastal-offshore sections, or sampling the meso- and submesoscale.

9. EGO, gliders and the GOOS • Gliders have become a reliable and versatilesurvey platform in oceanography (especially for physical and biogeochemical studies) during last 5 years. • Gliders are a relevant platform for turbulence measurements and acoustic studies (biology- zooplankton, fishes, marine mammals; geology- volcanoes, sedimentology, topography mapping; environmental sciences- underwater noise). • Gliders are weather-insensitive so that they can be used in weather conditions where research ships cannot operate. Thus gliders can collect data from situations that are often the most dynamic in oceans. • Gliders data can be used to cost-effectively extend and complement historical time-series. • Gliders can be used for operational monitoring of natural hazards like toxic blooms, hurricanes and of anthropogenic activity induced hazards (like those associated with mining, dredging and oil spills). • Glider-collected data improve the ability of operational numerical model predictions and thus operational safety of marine activities.

10. Status against targets (and change since OCG-5) OceanObs’09 recommendations: • the formation of the global glider system; in progress, need for an implementation plan • the adoption of standards and a “Argo” like data system for gliders; ~ok, and will evolve • the target of ~20 standard lines in the next 5 years and then, more; ~ok • the setup of a network of shared resources and expertise; almost ok • to distinguish between climate and process and NWP objectives; almost ok (GOOS vs process studies) • to establish the adoption of a common and accessible portal for glider data. TBD?  access through NDBC, Coriolis, IMOS and GTS

11. Some glider teams have not yet managed to feed the system • Line drops (distributed « gliderports ») Last month Status against targets (and change since OCG-5) A decade of glider data (2004/09 – now) in the GTS: 226243 profiles,113 platforms

12. Outlook status: anticipated changes in next 18 months against targets (if they may not be met, why not?) • EGO = community of practise • Further develop common data format/standards • Develop the network (coastal/regional and global scales) • Discussions on a global and glider-specific program (trade-off regional/global, water mass formation areas, boundary currents shelf interactions) •  need for animplementation plan • Development in the framework of 3 main research communities: • Australia: IMOS – ANFOG • USA: IOOS – NGN • EU: EOOS – EGN ? WP3.4: glider network

13. 9 22 16 14 13 10 2 2 3 Outlook status: anticipated changes in next 18 months EU perspective • COST Action ES0904 - EGO (coordination/wide-open: include Australia, South Africa, Israel, Mexico, USA, Canada, Peru, Chile, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria…) • GROOM” Gliders for Research, Ocean Observation and Management “ (EU FP7 Research Infrastructure design study, WP2 = Integration into the GOOS) http://www.ego-cost.eu http://www.groom-fp7.eu • ~ 90 gliders in EU • + « downstream » infrastructures • + personel (~45 FTE) • > 10,000 profiles / year (physical/biogeochemical) • 20-30% of the global activity • ~ 4-6 Meuro / year (consolidated) 1

14. Outlook status: anticipated changes in next 18 months • Act on behalf of the European part of the global glider community (EGO). Develop a glider component in the GOOS at the EU level together with international partners(USA, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, Peru, Chile,...). • Develop the European glider network, coordinate and assist the standardization of glider operations, data and applications. Ensure data availability, EMODnet and ROOS data portals in particular. • Set up a framework for users and operators: • promoting glider applications through liaison between providers and users, advocacy, and provision of expert advice. • sharing success stories and difficulties • providing and exchanging open source tools (piloting, maintenance, data QC and analysis, applications…) • promoting scientific synergies with other observing systems for key questions; filling gaps ! • promoting joint proposals • Contribute to the development of the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS), in the coastal area and in the open ocean. Establish a Glider European Research Infrastructure (GERI) to better sustain this glider activity. Terms of Reference for a glider TT in EuroGOOS

15. Risk assessment • Just in-between “pilot” and “mature” networks. Integration of gliders almost done • What risks to sustained observations do you monitor, in areas of: • observing system implementation ? • sustainability? (long-term observational programs to be secured) • platform/sensor performance ? • no risk on platform/sensor performance (depends on operations) • QC, data flow ? • need to avoid fragmentation - teams/platforms/sensors (RT & DM !!!) • Which risks are most likely, and what are the plans to mitigate them? • What risks do JCOMM and/or JCOMMOPS need to address by raising visibility, raising with sponsors, etc? • Glider operators need to realize the potential of regional obs. in a global context • A “GOOS glider project” or “the glider sides of GOOS projects ? •  need for an implementation plan and the help of JCOMM •  global maps of the glider activity & end-to-end data flow

16. Design evolution (or motivations to change design) • Deep (6000m) gliders, wavegliders ? • More sensors (nitrates, ph, wind, rainfall, hydrocarbons,…) • Help setting up new sustained repeat-sections • EGO expertise • design studies (existing methodologies OSSEs), assessment at coastal/regional and global scales

17. Progress against ‘infamous’ (?) Keeley Report actions “There is a developing community of glider operators. These operations are not well coordinated yet and so a search on the Internet turns up many pages dealing with gliders, but no coordinating body. Interested readers can look to pages on Wikipedia as a starting point [11]. “ http://www.ego-network.org/ “Up to this time, management of the data coming from gliders is an issue for the operating agency. Some of these data reach national archives, and some do not. However, at the most recent OOPC meeting (September 2013) a representative of the glider community expressed strong interest in joining the JCOMM OPA. This is a positive development (Rec 2).” thanks ! “All three Programme Areas of JCOMM should have a conversation with representatives of the global glider community as soon as practical. OPA interests are in the coordination of the data collections with other programmes. DMPA is impacted to help ensure that data reporting protocols (formats, timeliness, glider identification, etc.) conform to international requirements. SFSPA has interests in ensuring the data from gliders are properly identified and reach the services interested in using them.” in progress, started with OCG-5 “Undulating instruments, such as gliders, can also provide salinity measurements using CTDs. The accuracy of these are dependent on the model of CTD and some of the post processing. The same comments could be made of the CTDs mounted on marine mammals.” Same as profiling floats !!! “Sparse sampling in oceans. Typically the deepest sample is from 100-1000m at 1m intervals.” Soon a wider network and 6000m depth gliders

18. Data/interoperability standards in use • Standards and best practice documentation: • Common glider data exchange netcdf format EGO v1.1 • Report describing the design aspects of the observatory ground segment • Report describing protocols for sampling, sample analysis, inter-calibration of missions, data analysis • Scientific report on existing sensors to be integrated on gliders for biogeochemical and biological applications • Report assessing the predominant sensors for gliders and recommending the new sensors to be integrated • Report on GDAC portal organization • Report describing costs to build and operate the glider observatory infrastructure • http://www.ego-network.org/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=public:datamanagement:groom_gliders_user_manual-version1.1-sandiego.pdf • http://www.groom-fp7.eu/doku.php?id=public:deliverables Undulating gliders: ascent/dive angles = 17-30 deg to the surface quasi-vertical profiles L1 products

19. Conclusions • Gliders on track !!! • Glider challenge: High resolution technology for 4D oceanic measurements on 17th June 2015. Science Day just in between of the IOC Executive Council and the Assembly. • Continue to develop and consolidate the international EGO scientific network (after the COST Action ES0904 “EGO”) • Implementation plan: EuroGOOS glider TT  GOOS • Need for an endorsement (support?)from JCOMM • EGO web site as a single portal for the glider network • 7th EGO meeting and Glider School in 2016 (AtlantOS sponsored) • Glider officer/coordinator position to open at JCOMMOPS ? • Trial with a 2 year position thanks to AtlantOS. • Support for deployments/recoveries (coordination for ship opportunities,…) • Monitoring the network downstream the glider operators/communities • Data management issues • Voice/advocacy in international panels • Long term : ½ position ? To be shared with regional/coastal coordination purposes ?

20. Thank you!