The U.S. Department of Defense Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program

1. The U.S. Department of Defense Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program

2. 2 Purpose Provide a summary of unique emerging non-lethal weapons (NLW) technologies. Provide overview of NLW human effects and effectiveness considerations for M&S. Goals: Forge new coordination and collaboration opportunities for NLW technology M&S within the DoD and other government agencies and organizations. Promote the incorporation of future NLW technologies into M&S capabilities to support irregular warfare in complex operational environments. Consider adding non-federal law enforcement agencies (police, harbor patrol, etc) to the 2nd bullet.Consider adding non-federal law enforcement agencies (police, harbor patrol, etc) to the 2nd bullet.

3. 3 Established as a Jointly manned activity in 1996/97 All Services plus US Coast Guard Serves as the focal point for DoD NLW Program All four Services, SOCOM, and US Coast Guard Manages the day-to-day operations of the DoD Program for the Executive Agent Provides S&T and R&D funding to Milestone B/C Chairs NATO NLW Sub-committee Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate

4. 4 Role of the JNLWD: On behalf of the Executive Agent for Non-Lethal Weapons, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate serves as the focal point for non-lethal weapons research and development in DoD. Mission: �Facilitate outfitting the warfighter with operationally effective and suitable Non-Lethal Weapons� Major Functions Stimulate and coordinate NLW requirements Resource sponsor for NLW RDT&E and S&T investigations Lead and define Human Effects processes Initiate NLW education and awareness activities Coordinate Legal/Treaty/Policy issues Conduct liaison with other government agencies, NATO, and allies The Chairman and the JIPT provide the joint decisions that makes this process purple. The DOD NLWP encompasses the �service unique� NLW efforts as well. Mr. Mike Vickers is ASD SOLIC however Ms. Celest Ward is the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Stability Ops and Capabilities Role of the JNLWD: On behalf of the Executive Agent for Non-Lethal Weapons, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate serves as the focal point for non-lethal weapons research and development in DoD. Mission: �Facilitate outfitting the warfighter with operationally effective and suitable Non-Lethal Weapons� Major Functions Stimulate and coordinate NLW requirements Resource sponsor for NLW RDT&E and S&T investigations Lead and define Human Effects processes Initiate NLW education and awareness activities Coordinate Legal/Treaty/Policy issues Conduct liaison with other government agencies, NATO, and allies The Chairman and the JIPT provide the joint decisions that makes this process purple. The DOD NLWP encompasses the �service unique� NLW efforts as well. Mr. Mike Vickers is ASD SOLIC however Ms. Celest Ward is the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Stability Ops and Capabilities

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6. 6 Joint Non-Lethal Effects ICDs CP TASKS Deny Move Disable Suppress Counter-Materiel: Directed effects against materiel (vehicles, vessels, aircraft, buildings, facilities, structures, weapon systems, ammunition, and WMD, etc.). Non-Lethal Counter-Materiel (CM) effects must remain non-lethal to personnel. Counter-Personnel: Directed effects against individual(s). Determine Intent: To ascertain the motivation or purpose of the actions of a target. Discriminating: The ability to limit collateral damage and undesirable effects. Incapacitate: To disable, inhibit, or degrade one or more functions or capabilities of a target to render it ineffective. Counter-Materiel: Directed effects against materiel (vehicles, vessels, aircraft, buildings, facilities, structures, weapon systems, ammunition, and WMD, etc.). Non-Lethal Counter-Materiel (CM) effects must remain non-lethal to personnel. Counter-Personnel: Directed effects against individual(s). Determine Intent: To ascertain the motivation or purpose of the actions of a target. Discriminating: The ability to limit collateral damage and undesirable effects. Incapacitate: To disable, inhibit, or degrade one or more functions or capabilities of a target to render it ineffective.

7. 7 Spectrum of Response

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9. 9 Near-Term Technology Solutions Pictures represent near-term counter-personnel and counter-materiel technology solutions that could be available within the next 3 years These do not represent programs of record, but instead are largely science & technology investments Near-term CP solutions include: Optical Distractors & Acoustics: Concepts to deliver combined light and sound energy for counter-personnel effects at operationally significant ranges COTS HEMI NLWs: Investigation of COTS HEMI devices for their potential safety and effectiveness as solutions to disable individuals Advanced material for Blunt Impact Munitions: Advancements in material properties that may provide for improved NL capabilities (i.e., greater range, safer, larger safe and effective operating ranges/envelopes, etc.) Near-term CM solutions include: Pre-Emplaced Vehicle Stopper: A multi-use pre-emplaced electrical capability to stop vehicles that is effective on all vehicle weights and stops vehicles with a lower cost per use, and requires less time to repair and re-mobilize. Propeller Entanglement Vessel Stopping: Studies to understand the science of entanglement to provide improved low-tech, low cost vessel stopping capabilities that support multiple launch platforms and launch modalities. Pictures represent near-term counter-personnel and counter-materiel technology solutions that could be available within the next 3 years These do not represent programs of record, but instead are largely science & technology investments Near-term CP solutions include: Optical Distractors & Acoustics: Concepts to deliver combined light and sound energy for counter-personnel effects at operationally significant ranges COTS HEMI NLWs: Investigation of COTS HEMI devices for their potential safety and effectiveness as solutions to disable individuals Advanced material for Blunt Impact Munitions: Advancements in material properties that may provide for improved NL capabilities (i.e., greater range, safer, larger safe and effective operating ranges/envelopes, etc.) Near-term CM solutions include: Pre-Emplaced Vehicle Stopper: A multi-use pre-emplaced electrical capability to stop vehicles that is effective on all vehicle weights and stops vehicles with a lower cost per use, and requires less time to repair and re-mobilize. Propeller Entanglement Vessel Stopping: Studies to understand the science of entanglement to provide improved low-tech, low cost vessel stopping capabilities that support multiple launch platforms and launch modalities.

10. 10 Mid-Term Technology Solutions Pictures represent near-term counter-personnel and counter-materiel technology solutions that could be available within the next 5 years These do not represent programs of record, but instead are largely science & technology investments Mid-term CP technology solutions include: LR HEMI: Disable humans capability-gap via a long range (0-100m) long duration (5 second- 3 minute) electromuscular disruption effects similar to TASER using a un-tethered projectile ADT Technologies: Development of new ADS component technologies to minimize size, weight, and cost of future active denial technology systems Counter-Swimmer: Underwater acoustics to deter swimmers and protect assets at long ranges Thermal Lasers: Thermal lasers produce thermal repel effects similar to ADS, but with a small spot-size. System performs best with access to skin. System could replace blunt impact munitions as the range of effects are 0 � 500 meters. System cost and size is very attractive. NL Malodorants: Malodorant payloads delivered to clear an area or deny access to an area Mid-term CM technology solutions include: RF Vehicle/Vessel Stopping: High Power Microwave directed energy (radio frequency) vehicle and vessel stopping systems that disrupt engine function by causing the vehicle/vessel engines to stall. Laser Windshield Obscuration: Deters drivers by creating a series of extended duration high intensity (White) bright flashes across the windshield that impairs the drivers ability to see through the windshield. Effects can occur both day and night at ranges from 0 � 1000 meters. Pictures represent near-term counter-personnel and counter-materiel technology solutions that could be available within the next 5 years These do not represent programs of record, but instead are largely science & technology investments Mid-term CP technology solutions include: LR HEMI: Disable humans capability-gap via a long range (0-100m) long duration (5 second- 3 minute) electromuscular disruption effects similar to TASER using a un-tethered projectile ADT Technologies: Development of new ADS component technologies to minimize size, weight, and cost of future active denial technology systems Counter-Swimmer: Underwater acoustics to deter swimmers and protect assets at long ranges Thermal Lasers: Thermal lasers produce thermal repel effects similar to ADS, but with a small spot-size. System performs best with access to skin. System could replace blunt impact munitions as the range of effects are 0 � 500 meters. System cost and size is very attractive. NL Malodorants: Malodorant payloads delivered to clear an area or deny access to an area Mid-term CM technology solutions include: RF Vehicle/Vessel Stopping: High Power Microwave directed energy (radio frequency) vehicle and vessel stopping systems that disrupt engine function by causing the vehicle/vessel engines to stall. Laser Windshield Obscuration: Deters drivers by creating a series of extended duration high intensity (White) bright flashes across the windshield that impairs the drivers ability to see through the windshield. Effects can occur both day and night at ranges from 0 � 1000 meters.

11. 11 Far-Term Technology Solutions Far-Term solutions are likely to take more than five years to field due to their complexity (ground breaking technology) and relative cost of development Far-term CP technology solutions include: Nanosecond Electrical Pulse: Increases capability for longer duration human incapacitation through limp paralysis Active Denial Technologies: Continued development of new ADT sources that will minimize overall system size, weight, and cost of future active denial technology systems (includes 95 GHz source development related to W-band Sheet Beam Klystrons and solid state source technologies) NL Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers: Long range non-kinetic combine non-lethal effects that deny areas/spaces to humans. Includes non-lethal effects such as: extended duration high intensity flash, high amplitude acoustics and thermal repel (pain) effects for area denial. RF Vehicle and Vessel Stopping Technologies: Development of long range engine stopper and counter-vehicle/vessel electronics systems NL Counter-Aircraft: Test and evaluation of potential non-lethal counter-aircraft technologies that divert aircraft on the ground or in the air. NL Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers- Counter-Material Missions: Non-kinetic solutions to non-lethally defeat threat sensor systems Far-Term solutions are likely to take more than five years to field due to their complexity (ground breaking technology) and relative cost of development Far-term CP technology solutions include: Nanosecond Electrical Pulse: Increases capability for longer duration human incapacitation through limp paralysis Active Denial Technologies: Continued development of new ADT sources that will minimize overall system size, weight, and cost of future active denial technology systems (includes 95 GHz source development related to W-band Sheet Beam Klystrons and solid state source technologies) NL Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers: Long range non-kinetic combine non-lethal effects that deny areas/spaces to humans. Includes non-lethal effects such as: extended duration high intensity flash, high amplitude acoustics and thermal repel (pain) effects for area denial. RF Vehicle and Vessel Stopping Technologies: Development of long range engine stopper and counter-vehicle/vessel electronics systems NL Counter-Aircraft: Test and evaluation of potential non-lethal counter-aircraft technologies that divert aircraft on the ground or in the air. NL Ultra-Short Pulse Lasers- Counter-Material Missions: Non-kinetic solutions to non-lethally defeat threat sensor systems

12. 12 NLW Human Effects & Effectiveness

13. 13 Effects Based Design Concept Potential Areas of Concern But COCOMs don�t control the POM submits.Potential Areas of Concern But COCOMs don�t control the POM submits.

14. 14 NLW Human Effects Characterization

15. 15 This slide ties to sub-bullet 1b and bullet 3 on the previous slide. Explains specific probabilities that must be quantified/qualified for a given NL stimuli/system. Probabilities of non-permanent and permanent injuries used to determine treatment level required (HCC indices), which is the basis for defining RSI. Permanent injury is mentioned on the RSI Approach slide (Slide 13). This slide ties to sub-bullet 1b and bullet 3 on the previous slide. Explains specific probabilities that must be quantified/qualified for a given NL stimuli/system. Probabilities of non-permanent and permanent injuries used to determine treatment level required (HCC indices), which is the basis for defining RSI. Permanent injury is mentioned on the RSI Approach slide (Slide 13).

16. 16 Reversibility is the ability of returning the target to its pre-engagement physical status. The goal of non-lethal weapons is to achieve a low risk of serious injury. The reality is that current technologies�bean bag rounds, rubber bullets, to name a few, all have the chance of injuring someone. In fact, it could be argued successfully that every non-lethal weapon causes some degree of injury. Our challenge was to stay within the intent of the definition and develop a metric or group of metrics to determine �risk�. With the help of the Joint Forces Command surgeon general, it became obvious to us that the clearer means to establish measurable parameters was to use a level of health care to determine to classify the injury. This methodology allowed us to stay away from developing a long list of injuries which would have been problematic. Without going into great detail, our methodology basically states that if the injury requires stabilization from a formally trained care giver, then that injury falls into the classification of a �significant� injury. If the injury can be stabilized by first aid or buddy care, then it is not a significant injury. This has been an important agreement which allows better requirements development, more accurate testing, and better characterization for the warfighter. Reversibility is the ability of returning the target to its pre-engagement physical status. The goal of non-lethal weapons is to achieve a low risk of serious injury. The reality is that current technologies�bean bag rounds, rubber bullets, to name a few, all have the chance of injuring someone. In fact, it could be argued successfully that every non-lethal weapon causes some degree of injury. Our challenge was to stay within the intent of the definition and develop a metric or group of metrics to determine �risk�. With the help of the Joint Forces Command surgeon general, it became obvious to us that the clearer means to establish measurable parameters was to use a level of health care to determine to classify the injury. This methodology allowed us to stay away from developing a long list of injuries which would have been problematic. Without going into great detail, our methodology basically states that if the injury requires stabilization from a formally trained care giver, then that injury falls into the classification of a �significant� injury. If the injury can be stabilized by first aid or buddy care, then it is not a significant injury. This has been an important agreement which allows better requirements development, more accurate testing, and better characterization for the warfighter.

17. 17 NLW Human Effects Challenges Limited Data as Compared to Lethal Weapons New technologies effects and effectiveness Limited Resources Scope of human effects research limited by funding available The NL Technology Parameter Space Requirements across broad realm of technologies Assessment of both effects and effectiveness Quantifying target behavior response Accounting for variations in populations Addressing sensitive populations vs intended targets We know what we need to do�so how do we get there? We have three main challenges: Limited Data We are a relatively young program with little existing data Limited Resources� Not only dollars to do all the research we like, but also expertise New Parameters� For example target and/or crowd response�we never worried before about how someone would react once shot with a lethal round, yet that is a central question for many of the non-lethals�too further complicate matters, adversaries are not just men aged 18 � 50�crowd situations, urban environments more often than not will have significant numbers of women and children All of these factors add up to a complex challenge. You don�t stand up the JNLWP or a HECOE and boom�like turning on a light switch, you have all your answers instantaneously, rather our undertaking is more analogous to a rheostat where over time as you turn it will get brighter. So how do you tackle this challenge�We know what we need to do�so how do we get there? We have three main challenges: Limited Data We are a relatively young program with little existing data Limited Resources� Not only dollars to do all the research we like, but also expertise New Parameters� For example target and/or crowd response�we never worried before about how someone would react once shot with a lethal round, yet that is a central question for many of the non-lethals�too further complicate matters, adversaries are not just men aged 18 � 50�crowd situations, urban environments more often than not will have significant numbers of women and children All of these factors add up to a complex challenge. You don�t stand up the JNLWP or a HECOE and boom�like turning on a light switch, you have all your answers instantaneously, rather our undertaking is more analogous to a rheostat where over time as you turn it will get brighter. So how do you tackle this challenge�

18. 18 Behavioral Response Characterization JNLWP funds NLW effectiveness human subject tests to evaluate behavioral response to non-lethal stimuli by individuals, small groups, and crowds. Data supports training, CONOPS and TTP development, human effects panel reviews, program milestone decisions and M&S efforts. Data transitions to: JNLWP Human Effects Modeling Analysis Program for the development of behavioral response correlations. Joint Non-Lethal Munitions Effectiveness program supporting development of the Joint Non-Lethal Analysis Tool. Other JNLWP projects and/or government agencies by request. FY10-FY11: Emphasis is on flash-bang stimuli in operationally relevant scenarios Future technology and stimuli focus to be determined based on Services� priorities.

19. 19 Summary Less Lethal Capabilities are very relevant in today�s complex military environment. Range is a significant capability gap for Non-Lethal Weapons. Understanding the human effects of Non-Lethal Technologies is fundamental to their development. The JNLWP has developed processes to facilitate understanding these effects. Research to characterize effects, effectiveness, and risk is challenging and immature in many technology areas. Once a NLW has been developed, tested, and fielded, the commander can be confident in employing it. NLWs provide warfighters with escalation-of-force options while minimizing casualties and collateral damage The need for non-lethal weapons continues to be relevant in today�s irregular warfare in complex operational environments. There are a number of promising technologies, particularly in directed energy, that have the potential to greatly advanced today�s non-lethal weapons capabilities.

20. 20 BACKUP

21. 21 JNLWP Human Effects Processes