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Model of Memory

Model of Memory. RETRIEVAL. Turning now to Long-Term Memory. ATTENTION. Sensory Memory. Short-Term Memory. Long-Term Memory. Sensory Signals. REHEARSAL. Some Distinctions in LTM. Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM -

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Model of Memory

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  1. Model of Memory RETRIEVAL Turning now to Long-Term Memory ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

  2. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Episodic Memory: memory of an event in your life • autobiographical • has a temporal context - something about time is encoded along with the memory

  3. Some Distinctions in LTM • Endel Tulving: There are two broad categories of information that are represented in LTM - • Semantic Memory: memory of facts, knowledge of the world • unconnected to an autobiographical event • no temporal context

  4. Some Distinctions in LTM • Procedural Memory: memory for actions

  5. Long-Term Memory • Capacity is huge (unlimited?)

  6. Long-Term Memory • Structure of encoding is associative

  7. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember:

  8. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying

  9. When You Don’t Remember • Two reasons why you don’t remember: • Unavailable • It wasn’t successfully encoded - something went wrong while you were studying • Inaccessible • memory is stored but cannot be retrieved, perhaps because appropriate connections aren’t being made

  10. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory • Implicit Memories are ones that are encoded and present, but are not consciously accessible • Explicit Memories are memories to which you have conscious access

  11. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain

  12. Causes of Amnesia • Concussion • Migraines • Hypoglycemia • Epilepsy • Electroconvulsive shock therapy • Specific brain lesions (i.e. surgical removal) • Ischemic events • Drugs (esp. anesthetics) • Infection • Psychological • Nutritional deficiency • Lack of Sleep!

  13. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage

  14. Amnesia • Loss of memory ability - usually due to lesion or surgical removal of various parts of the brain • Two broad categories: • Retrograde: loss of memories for events prior to damage • Anterograde: loss of ability to store new memories of events after damage

  15. Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

  16. Amnesia • Short-term and sensory memory are typically functional

  17. Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Lost Mariner - What happened to Jimmie? What was his life like?

  18. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

  19. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia

  20. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage

  21. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory

  22. Korsakoff’s Syndrome (The Lost Mariner) • Lesions to Medial Thalamus • Results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency • Severe anterograde amnesia • Severe retrograde amnesia extending years before damage • Confabulation - make up stories to explain absence of memory • Often unaware of their deficit

  23. H. M. • Patient H. M. - suffered from extreme epilepsy

  24. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s

  25. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia

  26. H. M. • Patient H. M. - bilateral resection of medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus) • William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner - late 1950’s • Severe anterograde amnesia • Retrograde amnesia for 1 - 3 years before surgery

  27. H. M.

  28. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent)

  29. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory

  30. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events

  31. H. M. • Some aspects of memory were spared (at least to some extent) • Procedural memory was largely unaffected - amnesia was largely restricted to episodic memory • Some implicit awareness of recent events • Normal digit span (short-term memory) !

  32. Hypermnesia - S. • “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist)

  33. Hypermnesia - S. • “Photographic” extreme memory ability (a mnemonist) • Able to recall complex test stimuli

  34. Hypermnesia - S. • S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: • Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links

  35. Hypermnesia - S. • S. used two “strategies” or abilities typical of mnemonists: • Rich synesthesia-like quality to his perception of stimuli - leads to stronger associative links • Vivid and elaborate mental imagery of things he should remember

  36. Hypermnesia - S. • “ Even numbers remind me of images. Take the number 1. This is a proud, well-built man; 2 is a high-spirited woman; 3 a gloomy person (shy, I don’t Know); 6 a man with a swollen foot...” Luria, A.R. The mind of a mnemonist. 1968 Luria, A.R. The man with a shattered world. 1972

  37. Next Time Recall and false memories - Loftus

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