INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

1. Diabstraksikanoleh: soemarno, psdlppsub, desember 2012 INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN =Environmental Sustainability Index KUALITAS LAHAN BahanKajianpada MK. PSDAL

2. LAHAN The holistic concept of Land was already recognized in the Framework for Land Evaluation (FAO 1976), repeated implicitly in UNCED's chapter 10 of 1993, and formally described in FAO 1995. It reads: "Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.)." Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

3. FUNGSI LAHAN The various functions of land are also described in FAO's 1995 background paper: Land is the basis for many life support systems, through production of biomass that provides food, fodder, fibre, fuel, timber and other biotic materials for human use, either directly or through animal husbandry including aquaculture and inland and coastal fishery (the production function); Land is the basis of terrestrial biodiversity by providing the biological habitats and gene reserves for plants, animals and micro-organisms, above and below ground (the biotic environmental function); Land and its use are a source and sink of greenhouse gases and form a co-determinant of the global energy balance - reflection, absorption and transformation of radiative energy of the sun, and of the global hydrological cycle (the climate regulative function); Land regulates the storage and flow of surface and groundwater resources, and influences their quality (the hydrologic function); Land is a storehouse of raw materials and minerals for human use (the storage function); Land has a receptive, filtering, buffering and transforming function of hazardous compounds (the waste and pollution control function); Land provides the physical basis for human settlements, industrial plants and social activities such as sports and recreation (the living space function); Land is a medium to store and protect the evidence of the cultural history of humankind, and source of information on past climatic conditions and past land uses (the archive or heritage function); Land provides space for the transport of people, inputs and produce, and for the movement of plants and animals between discrete areas of natural ecosystems (connective space function). Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

4. ATRIBUT LAHAN Land has attributes, characteristics, properties and qualities (or limitations/conditions): An attribute, or variable, is a neutral, over-arching term for a single or compound aspect of the land; A characteristic is an attribute which is easily noticed and which serves as a distinguishing element for different types of land; it may or may not have a practical meaning (e.g., soil colour or texture, or height of forest cover are characteristics without giving direct information on land quality); A property is an attribute that already gives a degree of information on the value of the land type; A land quality (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use. Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

5. LAND QUALITIES RELATED TO PRODUCTIVITY FROM CROPS OR OTHER PLANT GROWTH Crop yields (a resultant of many qualities listed below). Moisture availability. Nutrient availability. Oxygen availability in the root zone. Adequacy of foothold for roots. Conditions for germination. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation). Salinity or sodicity. Soil toxicity. Resistance to soil erosion. Pests and diseases related to the land. Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation). Temperature regime. Radiation energy and photoperiod. Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost). Air humidity as affecting plant growth. Drying periods for ripening of crops. Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

6. KUALITAS LAHAN UNTUK PRODUKSI TERNAK Productivity of grazing land Climatic hardships affecting animals. Endemic pests and diseases. Nutritive value of grazing land. Toxicity of grazing land. Resistance to degradation of vegetation. Resistance to soil erosion under grazing conditions. Availability of drinking water. Diunduhdari: ……………… 28/11/2012

7. KUALITAS LAHAN UNTUK HUTAN PRODUKSI The qualities listed may refer to natural forests, forestry plantations, or both. Mean annual increments of timber species (a resultant of many qualities listed under "Atmospheric qualities“). Types and quantities of indigenous timber species. Site factors affecting establishment of young trees. Pests and diseases. Fire hazard. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

8. KUALITAS LAHAN DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PENGELOLAAN LAHAN The qualities listed may refer to arable use, animal production or forestry. Terrain factors affecting mechanization (trafficability). Terrain factors affecting construction and maintenance of access-roads (accessibility). Size of potential management units (e.g. forest blocks, farms, fields). Location in relation to markets and to supplies of inputs. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

9. KUALITAS LAHAN: KOMPONEN ATMOSFERIK ATMOSPHERIC QUALITIES Atmospheric moisture supply: rainfall, length of growing season, evaporation, dew formation. Atmospheric energy for photosynthesis: temperature, daylength, sunshine conditions. Atmospheric conditions for crop ripening, harvesting and land preparation: occurrence of dry spells. Sumber: http://www.pnas.org/content/108/16/6399/F2.expansion.html Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

10. KUALITAS LAHAN: TUTUPAN LAHAN Value of the standing vegetation as "crop", such as timber. Value of the standing vegetation as germ plasm: biodiversity value. Value of the standing vegetation as protection against degradation of soils and catchment. Value of the standing vegetation as regulator of local and regional climatic conditions. Regeneration capacity of the vegetation after complete removal. Value of the standing vegetation as shelter for crops and cattle against adverse atmospheric influences. Hindrance of vegetation at introduction of crops and pastures: the land "development" costs. Incidence of above-ground pests and vectors of diseases: health risks of humans and animals. Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y7220e/y7220e06.htm Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

11. KUALITAS LAHAN: MUKA-LAHAN & TERRAIN LAND SURFACE AND TERRAIN QUALITIES Surface receptivity as seedbed: the tilth condition. Surface treatability: the bearing capacity for cattle, machinery, etc. Surface limitations for the use of implements (stoniness, stickiness, etc.): the arability. Spatial regularity of soil and terrain pattern, determining size and shape of fields with a capacity for uniform management. Surface liability to deformation: the occurrence or hazard of wind and water erosion. Accessibility of the land: the degree of remoteness from means of transport. The presence of open freshwater bodies for use by humans, animals or fisheries. Surface water storage capacity of the terrain: the presence or potential of ponds, on-farm reservoirs, bunds, etc. Surface propensity to yield run-off water, for local water harvesting or downstream water supply. Accumulation position of the land: degree of fertility renewal or crop damaging by overflow or overblow. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

12. KUALITAS LAHAN: TANAH SOIL QUALITIES Physical soil fertility: the net moisture storage capacity in the rootable zone. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of waterlogging in the rootable zone (i.e. the absence of oxygen). Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable sodium. Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity for soil organic matter turnover. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

13. KUALITAS LAHAN: SUBSTRAT BAWAH TANAH SUBSTRATUM OR UNDERGROUND QUALITIES Groundwater level and quality in relation to (irrigated) land use. Substratum potential for water storage (local use) and conductance (downstream use). Presence of unconfined freshwater aquifers. Substratum (and soil profile) suitability for foundation works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.) Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

14. KRITERIA DEGRADASI LAHAN Light degradation: The terrain has somewhat reduced agricultural suitability, but is suitable for use in local farming systems. Restoration to full productivity is possible by modifications of the management system. Original biotic functions are still largely intact. Moderate degradation: The terrain has greatly reduced agricultural productivity but is still suitable for use in local farming systems. Major improvements are required to restore productivity. Original biotic functions are partially destroyed. Strong degradation: The terrain is non-reclaimable at farm level. Major engineering works are required for terrain restoration. Original biotic functions are largely destroyed. Extreme degradation: The terrain is unreclaimable and beyond restoration. Original biotic functions are fully destroyed. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

15. EVALUASI LAHAN Evaluasi lahan adalah proses penilaian kinerja lahan bila digunakan untuk tujuan tertentu, yang melibatkan pelaksanaan dan interpretasi survei dan studi bentuk lahan, tanah, vegetasi, iklim dan aspek lain dari lahan untuk mengidentifikasi dan membuat perbandingan jenis penggunaan lahan yang sesuaidengantujuan evaluasi. Land evaluation should combine the various qualities/limitations of the land in relation to the envisaged use or non-use. Obviously, the relative value of all land qualities has to be weighted for each of such uses. For the physico-chemical qualities of the land, such as the net soil moisture storage capacity, the availability of plant nutrients, or the land surface arability, this weighting can be done quantitatively. For a number of the bio-environmental qualities such as biodiversity or archival values a qualitative assessment is necessary which may be non-tangible in an economic sense. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e05.htm#land%20resources%20evaluation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20land%20related%20indicators……………… 28/11/2012

16. Kualitas Tanah & PertanianBerlanjut Mary Barbercheck meb34@psu.edu Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

17. Kualitas Tanah & PertanianBerlanjut • Maintain productivity with reduced external inputs • Provide ecosystem services • Support plant growth • Cycle nutrients • Hold and release water • Exchange gases • Conserve natural enemies and suppress pests • Store carbon Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

18. Kualitas Tanah • The ability of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to support healthy plants and animals, maintain or enhance air and water quality, and support human health and habitation • Soil quality integrates the physical, chemical and biological condition of the soil (Karlen et al. 1997): Chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil interact in complex ways that determine its functioning and productivity. The integration of these properties and the resulting level of soil function and productivity have been referred to as soil quality Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

19. Satusendoktanahsehatmengandung: …… Travis & Gugino - PSU Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

20. Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

21. Jasa-jasaEkosistemygdihasilkanolehOrganisme Tanah • Many beneficial effects by activities of soil organisms • Decomposition and mineralization • Contribute to plant nutrition (Rhizobia, Mycorrhizae) • Soil aggregation, aggregate stability, and porosity • Infect, compete with or antagonize pests Actinomycetes Predatory Mite Ground and rove beetles Insect-parasitic Fungus Earthworms and other ecosystem engineers Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

22. Apakebutuhanorganismetanah? • Space • Water • Air • Food Rose & Elliot Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

23. Gangguan Tanah dalamPertanian Full tillage Moldboard plow based Minimum tillage Chisel plow/Cultivator Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

24. EfekPengolahan Tanah • Soil organisms more abundant and more diverse in systems that reduce soil disturbance • Organisms vary in sensitivity • Tillage increases fluctuations in: • Lengas Tanah • Temperatur Tanah • ResiduTanamandan BOT • Pencampuran Tanah • Kerusakanstrukturtanah • RisikoErosi Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

25. Pengelolaan BOT • Roots • Leaves • Mulches • Manures • Composts Equilibrium level of SOM attained • Harvest • Oxidation • Erosion Tillage Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

26. Crop rotation and sustainable agriculture: Effects of crop rotation on soil quality and productivity R. Weil, Univ. MD Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

27. Tanamanpenutuptanah & JasaEkosistem Cover crops can enhance numbers of soil organisms Add diversity to system Add food resources for beneficial insects – pollen and nectar Residue creates habitat for predators Compete with weeds Protect soil Soil fertility and nutrient retention Hairy Vetch Buckwheat Mustard Photos: T. PisaniGareau Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

28. PengelolaanPertanian: Kualitas Tanah & JasaEkosistem • Continuous resources • e.g., hay/pasture, perennial crops, mulches, cover crops, high root:shoot ratio, controlled grazing, composts, manures • Plant and management diversity • e.g., crop rotation, refuge strips, hedgerows, polycultures, cover crops • Reduce disturbance • e.g., woodlands/orchards, pasture, reduce or rotate tillage, refuges, perennial crops or cover crops, reduce biocides Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

29. Jasa-jasa Ecosystem : Mineralisasi & Immobilisasi Organisms consume SOM and other organisms and excrete inorganic wastes Inorganic nutrients are usable by plants, and are mobile in soil Organic nutrients are stored in soil organisms and organic matter Organisms take up and retain nutrients as they grow Diunduhdari: ………………www.sjrcd.org/soilhealth/conf/ppt/Barbercheck-SoilQualityNJ.ppt‎

30. Kualitas Tanah “The capacity of the soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to: 1) sustain biological productivity, 2) maintain environmental quality, and 3) promote plant and animal health” Doran & Parkin. 1994. Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

31. IndikatorKualitas Tanah • Encompass ecosystem processes • Integrate soil physical, chemical & biological properties & processes • Sensitive to variations in climate & management • Applicable to field conditions • Accessible to users • Components of existing databases Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

32. SOIL PARAMETERS • Physical Bulk density, infiltration, aggregate stability, water-filled pore space • Chemical Total N, NO3-N, P, CEC, pH, soluble salts • Biological Microbial biomass C & N, organic C, earthworms Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

33. METODOLOGI • Numerically-weighted values (0-1) • Soil functions: 1. Accommodate water entry (0.2) 2. Accommodate water transfer/absorption (0.2) 3. Resist surface structure degradation (0.2) 4. Support fruit quality & productivity (0.4) • Multi-level soil-function indicators • Normalized scoring curves (0-1) Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

34. MULTI-LEVEL INDICATORS • Soil function Resist degradation (0.2) • Soil-function indicators Aggregate stability (0.6) Microbial processes, upper 7.5 cm (0.4) Organic carbon (0.4) Microbial biomass N : total N (0.3) Microbial biomass C : organic carbon (0.3) Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

35. 1 = 1 + ( ) 2S(B+X-2L) B - L X - L SCORING CURVES Scoring value B = baseline value where normalized value = 0.5 L =lower threshold X = value of measured parameter S = tangential slope at X=B Wymore. 1993. Model-based systems engineering. CRC Press Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

36. SCORING CURVE TYPES • More is better - positive slopes • Less is better - negative slopes • Optimum - positive curve reflected at upper threshold Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

37. Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

38. Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

39. PerhitunganIndeks 1. Multiply soil-function indicatorscoring value by its numerical weight (0-1) 2. Sum products of indicators at each level for each soil function (0-1) 3. Sum soil function scores  soil quality index (0-1) Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

40. HasilAnalisis • Integrated & organic systems had improved soil physical properties • Integrated system had higher chemical nutrient levels • Integrated system had improved biological properties • Integrated & organic systems had higher soil quality index • Facilitate water transfer & absorption • Resist soil degradation • Sustain fruit quality & productivity Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎

41. IndeksKualitas Tanah Advantages • Flexible • Crop systems • Regions • Assessment objectives • Comparative • Iterative • Focus research • Replant syndrome • Nitrate leaching Limitations • Subjective methodology • Limited data sets • Soil functions only Diunduhdari: ………………classes.hortla.wsu.edu/preston/mydocs/.../ifp-soil%20quality%20index.p...‎