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IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY. Difinition: It is the resistance exhibited by the host body against the infection causing micro-organisms and their products. Classifiction: Two types- I. Innate immunity. A. Species specific. B. Racial specific. C. Individual specific.

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IMMUNITY

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  1. IMMUNITY Difinition: It is the resistance exhibited by the host body against the infection causing micro-organisms and their products. Classifiction: Two types- I. Innate immunity. A. Species specific. B. Racial specific. C. Individual specific. II. Acquired immunity. A. Active immunity. ( Can be natural or Artificial ) B. Passive. ( Can be natural or Artificial )

  2. I. Innate immunity. Mechanism: Involves 3 components- 1. Physiological barriers . 2. Cellular. 3. Humoral. • Physiological barriers: • Skin: • It is intact, will prevent m.o. entering into the body. • Sebaceous secretions contain peptides and fatty acids which have bactericidal and fungicidal action. • Sweat, acidic in nature prevents growth of many m.o. • Normal flora participates in immunity.

  3. B. Mucous membrane: • It is intact, will prevent m.o. entering into the body. • Mucous is sticky in nature, helps in trapping and preventing in reaching the tissue. • Normal flora. Special DM: • Resp. tract: • Int. tract: 3. Gen. urinary tract:

  4. Respiratory tract: • Tortuous and sticky nasal passage. • Hair like ciliated cells in the lower respiratory tract help in sweeping particles. • Refluxes of the body, cough and sneezing helps in elimination of invading pathogens. Gastro intestinal tract: • Saliva contains mild bactericidal action. • Acidic nature of gastric content. • Trypsin hydrolyses bacterial protein. Genitourinary tract: • Micturition • Vaginal pH is acidic.

  5. 2. Cellular: • Phagocytic cells: a. Microphages- Polymorphonulear leucocytes. b. Macrophages- Mononuclear phagocytes.

  6. B. Natural killer cells (NK) cells: They kill virus infected cells and tumour cells. C. Mast cells: Releases mediators for inflammation.

  7. 3. Humoral: a. Properdin : Present in normal serum, causes lyses of Gram negative bacteria. b. Complement: Group of proteins known as complement system. c. Lysozyme: Present in tears, body fluids; destroys bacterial cell wall of Gram negative bacteria. d. Acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein.

  8. 4. Fever: • Temp will be more than opt. temp. recqired by most of the pathogens. • Other diffence mechanisms will be at the optimal level. 5. Inflammation: • Vascular dilatation allows more amount of fluid and cells to the site of infection. • Vascular permeability allows defence mechanism cells and plasma to reach site of infection.

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  10. II. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Resistance acquired by an individual during course of life is called acquired immunity. A: Active immunity: Acquired after effective contact with an antigen. i. Natural active immunity: By exposing to the pathogens, predominantly subclinical infections which pass unnoticed. ii. Artificial active immunity: It is the resistance produced by using vaccines.

  11. Eg: 1. Bacterial: Live : BCG Killed: TAB 2. Viral Live : OPV Killed : IPV 3. Products TT, DT

  12. 2. Passive immunity: It is a ready made immunity given to the recipient (Antibodies). • Natural passive immunity: It is the resistance passively transferred from the mother to fetus and infant. ii. Artificial passive immunity: It is the resistance passively transferred to a recipient by the parenteral administration of antibodies. Eg: ATS, ADS.

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