The English Reformation

1. The English Reformation Chapter 14 Part 3

2. Early English Reformers • John Wyclif • Inspired the Peasant Revolt of 1381 (John Ball) • “Every man free of mortal sin possesses lordship” • His followers, the Lollards continued in England into the 16th century

3. William Tyndale • A Humanist who translated the English Bible in 1526 • Became the basis for the King James version later • Only Latin or Greek translations were allowed • Tyndale was hunted down and executed in 1536 • But thousands of English Bibles had circulated in England

4. Henry VIII • Had supported and defended the Church against Lutheranism • Wrote and published Defense of the Seven Sacraments • The Pope awarded Henry VIII with the title, “Defender of the Faith”

5. Since the 14th Century • The English king had the power to appoint bishops • France did not have this right until the Concordat of Bologna in 1516 • Henry VIII had no issues with Church doctrine like the other reformers

6. Henry VIII wanted an annulment • Catherine of Aragon had five pregnancies but the only successful one resulted in Mary (later Bloody Mary) • Problem: Mary was betrothed to the Dauphin of France. • If Mary inherited the throne, France would control England!

7. Henry needed a son! • After much Bible study and soul-searching, Henry VIII concluded that God was punishing him because… • He was guilty of INCEST! (Book of Leviticus) • Catherine, his wife, had been married to his deceased older brother, Arthur. • BUT belief that the marriage was never consummated • So Henry and Catherine were given a papal dispensation (Julius II) to marry

8. Henry asked the Pope for an annulment • So he could marry Anne Boleyn who was already pregnant • The child HAD to be legitimate to inherit the throne • Henry did not expect trouble with the annulment • BUT Charles V had just sacked Rome!

9. No Annulment • The Pope was at the mercy of Charles V • Charles V was Catherine’s nephew! • If the annulment was granted…Mary would be illegitimate! • When Henry DID divorce, the French had cause to end Mary’s betrothal to the French dauphin (win, win for Henry)

10. What was Henry to do? • Cardinal Wolsey the English Archbishop failed to get the annulment from the Pope so he was replaced by… • …Thomas Cramner who convinced Henry to break away from the Church and grant himself a divorce (as head of the Church)

11. The Act of Supremacy 1534 • Henry broke from the Church and made himself official head of the Church of England • All Catholic land in England (25% of all land in England) was confiscated by the crown (Bonus) • Doubled royal revenues (Nobles purchased the Church lands from the crown) • Was used to build up the army • Monasteries were closed down, convents too

12. Act of Succession 1534 • All English Subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to Henry as head of the Church of England • Thomas More (Humanist and Chancellor) refused and was beheaded • 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace a huge multi-class rebellion in the North…largest in English history (was squashed)

13. Henry’s wives • Anne Boleyn delivered a girl, Elizabeth • Was executed for treason • Third wife Jane Seymour had a son, Edward, who became king on Henry’s death in 1547

14. 1539 Statute of the Six Articles • Most of the Catholic doctrines were kept: • 7 sacraments • Clergy to be celibate • Transubstantiation • Infant Baptism • The Trinity • Etc. • Many were disappointed at the lack of reform

15. Edward VI (1547-1553) • Was only 10 when he became king • Was hugely influenced by Protestants • Calvinism was gradually adopted: • Priests could marry • Icons removed from the Church • Communion by the laity was adopted • Salvation by faith alone (later Puritans will change) • Denial of Transubstantiation • Only 2 sacraments: Baptism, communion

17. Bloody Mary (1553-1558) • Religious struggle on Edward’s death • Lady Jane Grey was queen for 9 days • Lady Jane was Protestant • Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon) was Catholic and tried to bring the country back to Catholicism

18. Mary Tudor • Married Philip II of Spain • Rescinded reformation legislation of Henry VIII and Edward VI • Marian ExilesProtestants fled England due to persecution • 300 people were executed • =“Bloody” Mary

19. Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII • Catholics believed her to be illegitimate and championed cause of Mary Queen of Scots

21. Elizabeth was Strongly Protestant • Legitimacy issue • Was a Politique: took the middle ground between Anglicans and other Protestants. Religion took a back seat to the welfare of the state • Puritans continued efforts to reform

22. Elizabethan Settlement • Elizabeth required outward conformity but did not go out of her way to persecute unless she was challenged as head of the Church • People really could worship as they pleased as long as it was done privately

23. The Anglican Church under Elizabeth • 1559 The Book of Common Prayer in English • Some Catholic ritual remained • Monasteries NOT reestablished • Clergy NOT allowed to marry • Anglican Church attendance was required OR one paid a fine

24. The 39 Articles • Defined the Creed of the Anglican Church • BUT was vague • Accommodated most in England EXCEPT the Puritans

25. Plots against Elizabeth • Mostly by Catholics • Wanted to replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots • 1587 Elizabeth had Mary Q of S executed so the threat was removed • James I, King of Scotland and son of Mary Queen of Scots, will take power on Elizabeth’s death beginning the Stewart Dynasty