TESOL, ESL, or EFL

1. TESOL, ESL, or EFL Latricia Trites, Ph.D. Academic Advisor Fulbright Yilan Project August 8, 2008

2. Overview • Basic Introduction of Terms and Concepts • Consideration of English Culture • Consideration of First Language • Consideration of Home Culture • General Strategies & Tips • Resources

3. Alphabet Soup • TESOL/TESL • ESL/EFL • ESP • LEP • L1/L2 • BICS/CALP • TOEFL

4. Why Learn English? • Business opportunities/advancement • World Super Power • Educational Opportunities • Parental Pressure • National Educational Mandates

5. A BRIEF History of Language Teaching Methods • Grammar Translation • Direct Method • Situational Language Teaching/Audiolingualism (ALM) • Reading Method • Designer Methods • Community Language Learning • Suggestopedia • Silent Way • Total Physical Response (TPR) • Natural Approach

6. Post Methods Approaches • Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) • Task-Based Language Teaching • Whole Language Education • Content-Based Instruction (CBT) • Lexical Approach • Multiple Intelligences (MI)

7. So is there ONE BEST Way? • In a word, NO. • Depends on many factors such as (to name just a few) • Personality style of teacher • Teaching style • Situational context • Age of students • Purpose for learning the language • Location of classroom

8. Common Methods of ESL Instruction • Early Out • Bilingual • Pull-out • Push-in • Sheltered • Immersion • Submersion

9. What do YOU bring to the classroom? • What characteristics describe what it means to be “American”? • What are some headlines, advertisements, texts, class/school rules that display American values? • Discuss your own experiences with culture shock.

10. Considerations for Ethnocentric Beliefs • From Kohls, L.R. (2001) Survival Kit for Overseas Living. • Personal control over environment/responsibility • Change seen as natural and positive • Time • Equality/fairness • Individualism/independence • Self-help/initiative • Competition • Future orientation • Action/work oriented • Informality • Directness/openness/honesty • Practicality/efficiency • Materialism

11. Non-verbal Communication • Kinesics – body language • Proxemics – personal distance • Paralinguistics – elements of speech • Haptics – Touch • Olfactics – Smell • Oculesics - Sight • Chronemics – Time

12. Considerations of Native Culture • Become informed about the various cultures represented by your students. • Recognize that these students have been trained according to their own culture when it comes to school related issues such as • What are possible considerations that you should consider for the classroom? • Teacher – Student Relationships • Teacher – Parent Relationships • Typical Classroom Behaviors • Looking at the Teacher • Asking Questions • Homework • TIP: Don’t write a student’s name in Red.

13. Considerations for First Language • What do you know about the structure of the Chinese language? How is it similar or different from English? • Understand L1 belief about texts • Understand L1 approach to writing/argument style • Understand L1/L2 differences that may cause problems • Alphabet system (writing form) • Use of plurals • Use of tense markers

14. General Teaching Strategies & Tips • Use more than one method of giving instructions. (tapes, videos, etc.) • Check for comprehension beyond “Any questions?” “Do you understand?” • Train and model effective learning and problem-solving strategies.

15. More Strategies & Tips • Use both verbal and non-verbal cues to help students recall information, organize their ideas, and use strategies for planning. • Use graphic organizers. • Use language that is repetitive and easily understandable. • Allow students to respond in as complete a form as possible.

16. More Strategies & Tips • Use music; it’s motivating and helps students in a variety of ways. • Try to incorporate multicultural stories. • Encourage students to share their culture/history.

17. Tips to Use with Beginners • Use a slower rate of speech, enunciate clearly, and emphasize key words and phrases through gestures, facial expressions, and intonation. • Pause between phrases • Use visuals to clarify key concepts. • Demonstrate and act out when appropriate. • Modify texts leaving pertinent information, removing extraneous details.

18. Tips for Intermediate or Advanced • Add as much contextual support as possible to lessons and reading assignments. • Design schema building activities. • Provide models that students can emulate. • Incorporate group work whenever appropriate.

19. Resources • Alta Books http://www.altaesl.com/ • Body Language http://users.telenet.be/bodylanguage2006/index.html • Center for Applied Linguistics: Resources http://www.cal.org • ESL Resource Center http://eslus.com/eslcenter.htm • Dave’s ESL Café http://www.eslcafe.com • ESL-Images http://www.esl-images.com/ • ESL Resource Center http://members.aol.com/eslkathy/esl.htm • English Teaching Forum http://exchanges.state.gov/forum

20. Additional Resources • Heinemann Library www.heinemannlibrary.com & www.heinemannclassroom.com • One Stop English www.onestopenglish.com • Online Materials on EFL and Related Topics: An Essential Bibliography for English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/eltbib.htm • Oxford English http://www.oup.com/elt/ • Pearson Longman http://www.longman.com/

21. Additional Resources • Questia: The World’s Largest Online Library http://www.questia.com • Rubistar http://www.rubistar4teachers.com • Scott Foresman http://www.scottforesman.com/ • TESOL www.tesol.org • Track Star http://trackstar.4teachers.org. • The Internet Picture Dictionary www.pdictionary.com • TESL-EJ http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/TESL-EJ/