Automation

1. Automation Cross 11, Tapovan Enclave Nalapani Road, Dehradun 248001 Email: info@iskd.inContact : +918979066357, +919027669947

3. Automata Theory Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics(a subject of study in both mathematics and computer science). The word automata (the plural of automaton) comes from the Greek word αὐτόματα, which means "self-acting". The figure at right illustrates a finite-state machine, which belongs to a well-known type of automaton. This automaton consists of states (represented in the figure by circles) and transitions (represented by arrows). As the automaton sees a symbol of input, it makes a transition (or jump) to another state, according to its transition function, which takes the current state and the recent symbol as its inputs Automata play a major role in theory of computation, compiler construction, artificial intelligence, parsing and formal verification.

4. Classes of Automata Discrete, continuous, and hybrid automata Normally automata theory describes the states of abstract machines but there are analog automata or continuous automata or hybrid discrete-continuous automata, which use analog data, continuous time, or both Each model in automata theory plays important roles in several applied areas. Finite automata are used in text processing, compilers, and hardware design. Context-free grammar (CFGs) are used in programming languages and artificial intelligence. Originally, CFGs were used in the study of the human languages. Cellular automata are used in the field of biology, the most common example being John Conway's Game of Life. Some other examples which could be explained using automata theory in biology include mollusk and pine cones growth and pigmentation patterns. Going further, a theory suggesting that the whole universe is computed by some sort of a discrete automaton, is advocated by some scientists. The idea originated in the work of KonradZuse, and was popularized in America by Edward Fredkin.

5. The main advantages of automation are: • Increased throughput or productivity. • Improved quality or increased predictability of quality. • Improved robustness (consistency), of processes or product. • Increased consistency of output. • Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses. • Installation in operations reduces cycle time. • Can complete tasks where a high degree of accuracy is required.

6. Recent Emerging Application Automated power production Technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy sources, together with smart grids, micro-grids, battery storage - can automate power production. KUKAindustrial robots being used at a bakery for food production Automated retail Food and drink The food retail industry has started to apply automation to the ordering process; McDonald's has introduced touch screen ordering and payment systems in many of its restaurants, reducing the need for as many cashier employees. Online shopping could be considered a form of automated retail as the payment and checkout are through an automated Online transaction processingsystem However, two-thirds of books, music, and films are now purchased online. In addition, automation and online shopping could reduce demands for shopping malls, and retail property

7. Automated mining Automated mining involves the removal of human labor from the miningprocess . Themining industry is currently in the transition towards automation. Currently, it can still require a large amount of human capital, particularly in the third world where labor costs are low so there is less incentive for increasing efficiency through automation Automated highway systems As demands for safety and mobility have grown and technological possibilities have multiplied, interest in automation has grown. Seeking to accelerate the development and introduction of fully automated vehicles and highways Automated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of labor required to provide the service. Business process automation (BPA) is the technology-enabled automation of complex business processes. It can help to streamline a business for simplicity, achieve digital transformation, increase service quality, improve service delivery or contain costs.

8. Industrial Automation Industry The rise of industrial automation is directly tied to the “Fourth Industrial Revolution”, which is better known now as Industry 4.0. Originating from Germany, Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous devices, concepts, and machines.[83] It, along with the advancement of the Industrial Internet of Things (formally known as the IoT or IIoT) which is “Internet of Things is a seamless integration of diverse physical objects in the Internet through a virtual representation”.[84]These new revolutionary advancements have drawn attention to the world of automation in an entirely new light and shown ways for it to grow to increase productivity and efficiency in machinery and manufacturing facilities. Industry 4.0 works with the IIoT and software/hardware to connect in a way that (through communication technologies) add enhancements and improve manufacturing processes. Being able to create smarter, safer, and more advanced manufacturing is now possible with these new technologies. It opens up a manufacturing platform that is more reliable, consistent, and efficient than before. Implementation of systems such as SCADA is an example of software that takes place in Industrial Automation today.

9. Industrial Robotics Industrial robotics is a sub-branch in the industrial automation that aids in various manufacturing processes. Such manufacturing processes include; machining, welding, painting, assembling and material handling to name a few. Industrial robots utilizes various mechanical, electrical as well as software systems to allow for high precision, accuracy and speed Agent-assisted automation refers to automation used by call center agents to handle customer inquiries. There are two basic types: desktop automation and automated voice solutionsthatfar exceeds any human performance. Semi-Automationis a process or procedure that is performed by the combined activities of man and machine with both human and machine steps typically orchestrated by a centralized computer controller. Within manufacturing, production processes may be fully manual, semi-automated, or fully automated. In this case, semi-automation may vary in its degree of manual and automated steps. Semi-automated manufacturing processes are typically orchestrated by a computer controller which sends messages to the worker at the time in which he should perform a step.

10. Automation Technician Automation technicians repair and maintain the computer-controlled systems and robotic devices used within industrial and commercial facilities to reduce human intervention and maximize efficiency. Their duties require knowledge of electronics, mechanics and computers. Automation technicians perform routine diagnostic checks on automated systems, monitor automated systems, isolate problems and perform repairs. If a problem occurs, the technician needs to be able to troubleshoot the issue and determine if the problem is mechanical, electrical or from the computer systems controlling the process. • Typical job-related activities may involve • assembly • installation • maintenance • testing • troubleshooting • repair

11. Cognitive Computing Cognitive computing (CC) describes technology platforms that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of artificial intelligence and signal processing. These platforms encompass machine learning, reasoning, natural language processing, speech recognition and vision(object recognition), human–computer interaction, dialog and narrative generation, among other technologies

12. Cybernetics Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machineCybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner (feedback) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, causal chains that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action.

13. Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more efficient and effective. Fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include game theory, system theory (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), perceptual control theory, sociology, psychology (especially neuropsychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology), philosophy, architecture, and organizational theory. System dynamics, originated with applications of electrical engineeringcontrol theory to other kinds of simulation models(especially business systems) by Jay Forrester at MIT in the 1950s, is a related field.

14. Machine to Machine Machine to machine (commonly abbreviated as M2M) refers to direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless.Machine to machine communication can include industrial instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to communicate the data it records (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) to application software that can use it (for example, adjusting an industrial process based on temperature or placing orders to replenish inventory). Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer. More recent machine to machine communication has changed into a system of networks that transmits data to personal appliances.

15. Mobile Manipulator Mobile manipulator is nowadays a widespread term to refer to robot systems built from a robotic manipulator arm mounted on a mobile platform. Such systems combine the advantages of mobile platforms and robotic manipulator arms and reduce their drawbacks. For instance, the mobile platform extends the workspace of the arm, whereas an arm offers several operational functionalities. Mobile Manipulator systems; mobile platform, robot manipulator, vision and tooling A mobile manipulation system offers a dual advantage of mobility offered by a mobile platform and dexterity offered by the manipulator. The mobile platform offers unlimited workspace to the manipulator. The extra degrees of freedom of the mobile platform also provide user with more choices.

16. Robotic Process Automation Robotic process automation (or RPA) is an emerging form of business process automation technology based on the notion of software robots or artificial intelligence (AI) workers. In traditional workflowautomation tools, a software developer produces a list of actions to automate a task and interface to the back-end system using internal application programming interfaces (APIs) or dedicated scripting language. RPA tools have strong technical similarities to graphical user interface testing tools. These tools also automate interactions with the GUI, and often do so by repeating a set of demonstration actions performed by a user. RPA tools differ from such systems including features that allow data to be handled in and between multiple applications, for instance, receiving email containing an invoice, extracting the data, and then typing that into a bookkeeping system.

17. Control Engineering Control engineering or control systems engineering is an engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in controlenvironments. The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with electrical engineering at many institutions around the world. The practice uses sensors and detectors to measure the output performance of the process being controlled; these measurements are used to provide corrective feedback helping to achieve the desired performance. Systems designed to perform without requiring human input are called automatic control systems Multi-disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of a diverse range of systems.

18. Automation Technical Review • An automaton with a finite number of states is called a Finite Automaton (FA) or Finite State Machine (FSM). • Formal definition of a Finite Automaton • An automaton can be represented by a 5-tuple (Q, ∑, δ, q0, F), where − • Q is a finite set of states. • ∑ is a finite set of symbols, called the alphabet of the automaton. • δ is the transition function. • q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q0 ∈ Q). • F is a set of final state/states of Q (F ⊆ Q). • Related Terminologies • Alphabet • Definition − An alphabet is any finite set of symbols. • Example − ∑ = {a, b, c, d} is an alphabet set where ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, and ‘d’ are symbols. • String • Definition − A string is a finite sequence of symbols taken from ∑. • Example − ‘cabcad’ is a valid string on the alphabet set ∑ = {a, b, c, d}

19. Length of a StringDefinition − It is the number of symbols present in a string. (Denoted by |S|).Examples −If S = ‘cabcad’, |S|= 6If |S|= 0, it is called an empty string (Denoted by λ or ε)Kleene StarDefinition − The Kleene star, ∑*, is a unary operator on a set of symbols or strings, ∑, that gives the infinite set of all possible strings of all possible lengths over ∑including λ.Representation − ∑* = ∑0 ∪ ∑1 ∪ ∑2 ∪……. where ∑p is the set of all possible strings of length p.Example − If ∑ = {a, b}, ∑* = {λ, a, b, aa, ab, ba, bb,………..}Kleene Closure / PlusDefinition − The set ∑+ is the infinite set of all possible strings of all possible lengths over ∑ excluding λ.Representation − ∑+ = ∑1 ∪ ∑2 ∪ ∑3 ∪…….∑+ = ∑* − { λ }Example − If ∑ = { a, b } , ∑+ = { a, b, aa, ab, ba, bb,………..}LanguageDefinition − A language is a subset of ∑* for some alphabet ∑. It can be finite or infinite.Example − If the language takes all possible strings of length 2 over ∑ = {a, b}, then L = { ab, aa, ba, bb }

20. Acceptors, Classifiers, and Transducers Acceptor (Recognizer) An automaton that computes a Boolean function is called an acceptor. All the states of an acceptor is either accepting or rejecting the inputs given to it. Classifier A classifier has more than two final states and it gives a single output when it terminates. Transducer An automaton that produces outputs based on current input and/or previous state is called a transducer. Transducers can be of two types − • Mealy Machine − The output depends both on the current state and the current input. • Moore Machine − The output depends only on the current state.

21. Automata Theory and Useful Resources The following resources contain additional information on Automata Theory. Please use them to get more in-depth knowledge on this. Useful Links on Automata Theory • Automata Theory Wiki - Wikipedia Reference for Automata Theory. • Automata Theory Basics - Basics of Automata Theory

22. Useful Books on Automata Theory