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OCEANOGRAPHY

OCEANOGRAPHY. Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration. Surface Exploration. 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs. Surface Exploration. 500-700 A.D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles

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OCEANOGRAPHY

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  1. OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration

  2. Surface Exploration 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs

  3. Surface Exploration 500-700 A.D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles Used sun, planets, tides, currents as “landmarks”

  4. Surface Exploration 900 A.D. Vikings North Atlantic Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland Use North Star for guidance

  5. Surface Exploration 1000 Chinese Invent the compass No more than magnetized needle in bowl of water Reduced fear

  6. Surface Exploration 1519 Ferdinand Magellan 1st round-the-world sailing voyage Takes 2 years Straits of Magellan

  7. Surface Exploration 1825 Charles Darwin The HMS Beagle Marine life on/near Galapagos Islands

  8. Surface Exploration 1872-1875 Challenger Expedition 1st Fully scientific oceanographic expedition Salinity, temp of seawater Gives birth to Oceanography Physical, chemical, biological and geological studies

  9. Surface Exploration 1950 Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science Follows WW II $$$

  10. Surface Exploration 1957 Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite Arms race w/USA $$$ even more

  11. Surface Exploration The Future will integrate many surface systems… 2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System Weather forecasting, marine preservation

  12. Undersea Exploration 1535 The Diving Bell Worn on the shoulders Stay under ~ 1 hour

  13. Undersea Exploration 1825 William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment* Compressed air containers worn on a belt • Many were involved in SCUBA • SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

  14. Undersea Exploration 1934 William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down O2 tanks inside, circulated by hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals

  15. Undersea Exploration 1943 Jacques Cousteau AquaLung Safety Time below Still used today, w/some improvements

  16. Undersea Exploration 1951 Mariana Trench 7 mi down Challenger II (UK) Used sound waves = sonar

  17. The Trieste prepares to dive: January 23, 1960

  18. Undersea Exploration 1964 Alvin is launched Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration

  19. Undersea Exploration 1976 Cleliais launched Flat bottom Better hovering ability Greater visibility More maneuverable

  20. Undersea Exploration 1976 – Alvin discovers… Hydrothermal Vents Cracks in ocean floor Extreme environment Poisonous 400 ⁰ C WATER!

  21. Undersea Exploration Today LEO Long-term Ecosystem Observatory And …… MORE SEAGLIDERS !

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