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Cells

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Cells

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    1. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 1 Cells Cell theory: All living things are cellular. Challenged in 20th century. Viruses non-cellular. Exception not important here.

    2. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 2 Cell Components of a cell: Plasma (cell) membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

    3. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 3 Plasma membrane Fluid mosaic model: Fluid mosaic of phospholipid and protein, resembles soap bubble. Phospholipid has polar and non-polar ends. Cell lives in aqueous (polar) environment. Phospholipids spontaneously form bilayer. Polar “heads” to aqueous internal and external fluids Non-polar tails to inside of membrane

    4. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 4 Plasma membrane

    5. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 5 Organelles Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Centrioles Cytoskeleton Cilia/flagella

    6. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 6 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION Reproduction is characteristic of life. Reproduction of individuals depends on reproduction at cellular level.

    7. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 7 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION When cells reproduce, new cells (daughter cells) must be exact copies of mother cell!! Genomes must be identical! Anything else leads to chaos. Cell with incomplete genome (missing genes) would be inviable or non-functional. Cell with extra (too many) genes could also be abnormal. Trisomy-21 (Down syndrome)

    8. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 8 Life cycle of a cell: the Cell Cycle. G1: first gap phase cell growth, normal metabolism. S : synthesis phase replication, synthesis of new DNA and chromosome material G2: second gap phase production of enzymes and other proteins for mitosis Mitosis: normal, ordinary nuclear division.

    9. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 9 Cell Cycle “Interphase” G1 S G2 Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

    10. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 10 Phases of Mitosis from end of "interphase" (end of G2) PROPHASE nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear chromosomes coil, shorten, thicken to become visible chromosome 2-stranded, held together at centromere chromosomes move toward cellular "equator" centrioles move apart toward poles, beginning of mitotic spindle

    11. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 11 PROPHASE early & late

    12. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 12 Phases of Mitosis METAPHASE 2-stranded chromosomes arrive at "equator" spindle fibers pull on centromeres

    13. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 13 Phases of Mitosis ANAPHASE centromeres split, each strand = 1-strand chromosome 1-strand chromosomes move apart toward centrioles

    14. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 14 Phases of Mitosis TELOPHASE (prophase in reverse) chromosome movement ends mitotic spindle disassembles chromosomes uncoil, lengthen, become invisible nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappear, reform

    15. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 15 Cytokinesis division of cytoplasm usually simultaneous with telophase not in skeletal muscle?? Some cells in animals, plants, fungi, amoebae have multinucleate cells mitosis without cytokinesis

    16. 23 Jan. 2012 Cells-lab.ppt 16 Lab drawings Measure 1 inch (2.5 cm) from 4 edges of paper Fold in half to find center Vertical Draw within margins Print labels Extend pointers all the way to objects. Number, Title, and magnification on title line.

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