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Antimicrobial Stewardship: Penicillin Allergies

Antimicrobial Stewardship: Penicillin Allergies. Emmanuel Cacio, PharmD – PGY 1 Pharmacy Resident. Objectives. Describe the incidence of penicillin allergies Illustrate the role of the pharmacist in appropriate interventions in patients with penicillin allergies

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Antimicrobial Stewardship: Penicillin Allergies

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  1. Antimicrobial Stewardship: Penicillin Allergies Emmanuel Cacio, PharmD – PGY 1 Pharmacy Resident

  2. Objectives • Describe the incidence of penicillin allergies • Illustrate the role of the pharmacist in appropriate interventions in patients with penicillin allergies • Recognize when to recommend pharmacist intervention in patients with self-reported penicillin allergies • Illustrate the importance of properly documenting patient self-reported penicillin allergies

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  4. Introduction1 • Per the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): • 10% Americans report penicillin allergy • Fewer than 1% are truly allergic • 80% with IgE-mediated response lose sensitivity after 10 years

  5. IgE (Type I) Reactions 1 • Occur immediately or within the hour • Hives: pink/raised areas, itchy • Angioedema • Wheezing & shortness of breath • Anaphylaxis

  6. Anaphylaxis 2 • Sudden mast cell release that leads to sudden drop in: • Blood pressure • Blood volume • Flushing • Itching • Potential respiratory compromise • Bowel edema • Potential death

  7. Documented Non-Anaphylactic Penicillin Allergies • Rash • Nausea • Diarrhea • Not documented • “I don’t remember…” • “My mother told me not to take it”

  8. The Problem…3 • Alternative antimicrobial therapies are used • Tend to have more toxicities • i.e. Clostridioides difficile • Increased cost • Broader spectrum leading to poor outcomes • Resistance

  9. The Problem…3 • Multi-drug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are responsible for more than 2 million infections and result in 23,000 deaths annually in the USA per the CDC • 2018 Report by Burnham and colleagues estimates that MDRO deaths actually reached 150,000 • MDROs are expected to reach 10 million patients world-wide and cost over $100 trillion annually by year 2050

  10. Appropriate AMS Interventions for Self-Reported Penicillin Allergies • Patient education • Allergy clarification • Penicillin Skin Testing

  11. Patient Education4 • Study in France targeted pregnant women with self reported penicillin allergies • Aim was to optimize prescribing of antibiotics for pregnant women • Two strategies were used: • Dissemination of printed educational material • Group education

  12. Patient Education4 • Study found: • Prevalence of self reporting penicillin allergy remained stable (6.8% vs. 5.4% after) • Clinical classification on penicillin allergy were more often used (68% vs. 100% after) • Appropriateness of antibiotics prescribed to self-reported penicillin allergic women increased from 17.2% to 66.7% (p<0.001)

  13. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST)3 • Optimal way to rule out penicillin allergy • Time consuming • Requires trained staff • Sacco et al. used a single-center allergist-performed PST • 78% of patients were able to receive beta-lactams after PST

  14. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST)3 • Median time was 5 days • Delayed time to optimal therapy • Hospital protocol could expedite patient identification and allergist consultation for PST • Pharmacists have been identified as key providers of PST when allergist are unavailable.

  15. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST)3 • PST by allergist or pharmacist has potential for: • Reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic use • Allergy de-labeling after ruling out Type 1 reactions • Reduce outpatient prescription cost by $14-193 per patient

  16. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST)5 • In 2014 over 35 million inpatient stays were documented in the US • Diagnosis of septicemia and pneumonia ranking 3rd and 6th • In 2004 first published evidence of pharmacist involvement in inpatient PST • National certificate program newly available

  17. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2fbcc40c-f102-4abe-bce5-a93de95874fehttps://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2fbcc40c-f102-4abe-bce5-a93de95874fe

  18. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST): Procedure • Collect supplies: • 5 testing devices • Alcohol swab • 4 syringes with: • Pre-pen solution 0.2 cc • PenG dilution 0.2 cc • Histamine 0.1 cc • Saline 0.2 cc • Labels • Recording form

  19. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST): Procedure • Wipe volar aspect of arm with alcohol swab • Label 4 sections for: • Histamine (+) • Saline (-) • PG • PRP • Drop test materials on skin

  20. Penicillin Skin Testing (PST): Procedure • Wait 15 minutes • Analyze results • Positive: • PG (+) wheal ≥ 3mm • -or- • PRP (+) wheal ≥ 3mm • Negative: • PG (-) wheal ≤ 3mm • -and- • PRP (-) wheal ≤ 3mm

  21. https://www.penallergytest.com/

  22. Conclusion • Approximately 99% of patients with self-reported penicillin allergies do not have true allergies • It’s been shown that patient’s receiving alternate therapies due to false or inaccurately classified penicillin allergies receive less than optimal care • Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians can play a significant role in determining and assessing the severity of these allergies and de-labeling as appropriate

  23. References • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Is it Really a Penicillin Allergy? https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/pdfs/penicillin-factsheet.pdf • Bhattacharya, S. The Facts About Penicillin Allergy: A Review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010 Jan-Mar; 1(1): 11-17 • Cole, K.; Rivard, K.; Dumkow, L. Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: an Update on Targeted Strategies. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2019; 21:33 • Thellier, C., et al. An educational intervention about the classification of penicillin allergies: effect on the appropriate choice of antibiotic therapy in pregnant women. Int J Obstet Anesth (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2017.07.005 • Justo, JA; Kufel, WD; Avery, L; Bookstaver, PB. Penicillin Allergy Skin Testing in the inpatient Setting. Pharmacy 2019, 7, 120

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