Latin Americans Win Independence

1. Latin Americans Win Independence

2. Colonial Economy • Haciendas: huge estates which had large sufficient farms • Produced a variety of goods like meat, hides, and sugar. • American Indians were used as slave farm workers, miners, and servants. • European diseases wiped out Indian settlements • Indian population decreased • Imported slaves from Africa increased. • Spanish wealth in colonies grew • Imposed public buildings, cathedrals, and palaces • Fortresses protected cities

3. Colonial Society • Higher: • Royal officials and owners of large estates • Lower: • Workers, peasants, and slaves. (Enormous social gap) • Peninsulares: Europeans born on Iberian Peninsula • Spain or Portugal • Creoles: white people born in the colonies • Most suffered social and job discrimination. • Mestizos: mix of American, Indian, and European • Mulattoes: European/African ancestry • Faced racial and social barriers • More rights than Indians • Women: depended on family background • Spanish: enjoyed some economic freedom b/c own property • Managed family businesses

4. Causes of Discontent • Charles III’s Intendancy System: appointed peninsulares as governors in the colonies. • Loyal to Spanish crown rather than viceroys. • Colonists paid heavy taxes in support of European’s wars. • Colonists called for independence • Simon Bolivar: lead several revolutions in Latin America

5. Haiti’s Slave Rebellion • French settlers own plantations • Worked by African slaves • Mulattoes demanded same rights as French settlers. • Settlers resisted • Mullattoes and slave join together • Toussaint-Loverture: leader and freed slave • Won control of Saint Dominique • Napoleon I sends army in • Loses war to rebels • Proclaimed independence under name Haiti.

6. Mexico and Central America • Creoles, mestizos, and American Indians in Mexico participated in revolutionary activities. • Miquel Hidalgo Y Costilla • Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon • Liberals of Spain took some power away from king • Creoles staged independence • Generals overthrew and Mexico became a republic • Reps from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica met to form • Federal Union called Provinces of Central America.

7. Spanish South America • Simon Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin, and Bernardo O’Higgins • Leaders for the fight of independence in Spanish South America. • First Revolt: • Rebels and San Martin seized control of government in La Plata (independence of Argentina). • Long Bloody Civil War • Revolt in Venezuela • Bolivar becomes president in present day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama • San Martin took over Peru capital (declared independence) • Northern territory of upper Peru became Bolivia

8. Brazil • Dom Joao-monarch of Brazil and Portugal • Revolt broke out-Dom Joao returns to Portugal • Angered Brazilians • Encouraged his son to rule Brazil independent • Dom Pedro did so and ruled as emperor. • Brazil and Argentina-argued over land between them • Settlers gained independence (Uruguay) • Only Cuba and Puerto Rico are left for Spain.

9. After Independence • Monroe Doctrine: • United States would not interfere in European affairs or with Europe’s remaining colonies in the Western Hemisphere. • Oppose any attempts by European nations to retake colonies. • Expanded trade • Tribute payments ended • Slavery was abolished

10. Write an outline for the following sections: • Latin American Unity • Internal Problems