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Chapter Twelve: Managing Chronic Conditions

Chapter Twelve: Managing Chronic Conditions. Categories of Chronic Diseases. Genetic/inherited Congenital Metabolic Autoimmune Degenerative Infectious. Acute vs. Chronic Conditions. Acute conditions Sudden onset and prompt resolution Chronic conditions

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Chapter Twelve: Managing Chronic Conditions

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  1. Chapter Twelve: Managing Chronic Conditions

  2. Categories of Chronic Diseases • Genetic/inherited • Congenital • Metabolic • Autoimmune • Degenerative • Infectious

  3. Acute vs. Chronic Conditions • Acute conditions • Sudden onset and prompt resolution • Chronic conditions • Develop slowly and persist for an extended period of time • Many of the chronic conditions discussed in this chapter are difficult to prevent

  4. Genetic/Inherited Conditions • Abnormal genes transmitted from either parent at conception • Abnormal genetic materials formed by mutation at an early stage of cell replication • Abnormal number of chromosomes • More or fewer than 46

  5. Abnormal Number of Sex Chromosomes • Klinefelter’s syndrome • Turner’s syndrome

  6. Klinefelter’s Syndrome • 1 in 1,000 male births • Due to abnormal sex chromosomes present (44XXY) = 47 chromosomes • Characteristics at puberty: • Tall, thin, gynecomastia, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics • Infertility, learning impairment

  7. Turner’s Syndrome • 1 in 5,000 female births • Altered chromosome number (44XO) • “O” is the absence of a second X chromosome • Equivalent version of Klinefelter’s syndrome (infertility) • Diminished secondary sex characteristics

  8. Inherited Genetic Mutations • Cystic fibrosis • Sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell disease

  9. Cystic Fibrosis • 1 in 2,000 live births • Disruption of exocrine glands due to absence of a protein • Symptoms: Respiratory and digestive symptoms • Management: Medications, diet (no cure) • Diagnosis/prevention: Genetic tests

  10. Sickle Cell Trait/Sickle Cell Disease • 8% of African Americans carry recessive gene for sickle-cell trait • Red blood cells cannot pass through blood capillaries (sickle-shaped RBCs) • Symptoms: Impaired lung function, heart failure, infections, bone changes • Management: Drug therapy, stem cell transplant • Diagnosis: Blood test • Prevention: Screening for the recessive gene

  11. Sex-Chromosome-Linked Inherited Genetic Mutations • Color vision deficiency • Fragile X syndrome

  12. Congenital Abnormalities • Present at birth • No involvement of abnormal genetic materials • Multiple potential causes resulting in inappropriate changes to tissues during embryonic development: • Infections • Drug use • Many environmental factors

  13. Common Congenital Abnormalities • Cleft palate/cleft lip • Structures of face and lips separate • 1 in 800 births • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) • Foramen fails to close completely in the heart, resulting in a heart murmur • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped)

  14. Metabolic Disorders • Body’s inability to control chemical processes that regulate the building up (anabolism) and tearing down (catabolism) of tissue • Examples: • Diabetes mellitus (type 2) • Diabetes mellitus (type 1) • Hypoglycemia

  15. Normal Blood Glucose Regulation

  16. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1) • Pancreas produces no insulin at all • Symptoms (develop rapidly): Weakness, thirst, hunger, frequent urination • Management: Insulin must be obtained by injections or pump • Diagnosis: Urine and blood tests

  17. Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) • Body is insensitive to insulin • Symptoms (develop gradually) • Thirst • Hyperglycemia • Frequent urination • Management • Dietary modification • Exercise • Drug therapy • Diagnosis: Urine and blood tests

  18. Hypoglycemia • Abnormally low levels of blood sugar • Reactive hypoglycemia • Hypersensitivity to sugar due to excessive insulin products (rare) • Functional hypoglycemia • Vague symptoms; now less frequently seen • Symptoms • Low energy, headaches, anxiety • Management • Small meals of complex carbohydrates

  19. Autoimmune/Hypersensitivity Disorders Functional and structural breakdown caused by the immune system’s failure to recognize the body as “self”

  20. Fibromyalgia: Tenderpoint Locations

  21. Common Asthma Triggers

  22. Autoimmune/Hypersensitivity Disorders

  23. Degenerative Diseases Functional and structural breakdown of the body that generally appear later in life

  24. Chapter Twelve: Managing Chronic Conditions

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