Longman PoliticalScience Interactive

1. LongmanPoliticalScienceInteractive Magleby & Light Government by the People Chapter 1 Constitutional Democracy

2. Brainstorm DEMOCRACY

3. Defining Democracy Democracy Demos (The People) Kratos (authority) Government by the People The Athenians are here, Sire, with an offer to back us with ships, money, arms, and men—and, of course, their usual lectures about democracy.

4. Theories of Democracy Democracy Direct Democracy Representative Democracy Constitutional Democracy

5. Democracy Democracy Government by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free and frequent elections Participatory Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials more directly Representative Democracy Government that derives its powers indirectly from the people, who elect those who will govern Constitutional Democracy Government that enforces recognized limits on those who govern and allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, and relatively frequent elections

6. Three kinds of Representative Democracies Participatory Pluralist Elite

7. Three kinds of Representative Democracies Participatory- a.k.a. Direct Democracy, all eligible citizens participate. Modeled off 5th Century Athens. Students for a Democratic Society and Occupy Wall Street are modern Examples as well as ballot measures. Pluralist- Interest groups such as organized labor (NEA) and 2nd Amendment Advocates (NRA) interact with government officials in hopes of shaping policy and public opinion. Elite- Elected representatives act as trustees for the people who elected them (constituents). Recognizes the inequality of power that exists. People with resources and influence dominate. Weakened during the Progressive Era (1890-1920), but prevails in many way today.

8. Constitutional Democracy • Government by the people requires faith in our common human enterprise • Constitutional democracy requires constant attention to protecting the rights and opinions of others • Constitutional democracy means government by representative politicians Thomas Jefferson, one of our best-known champions of constitutional democracy

9. Conditions Conducive to Constitutional Democracy Educational Conditions Economic Conditions

10. Conditions Conducive to Constitutional Democracy Educational Conditions Democracy puts a premium on education Economic Conditions Extremes of poverty and wealth undermine the possibilities for a healthy constitutional democracy

11. Conditions Conducive to Constitutional Democracy Social Conditions Ideological conditions

12. Conditions Conducive to Constitutional Democracy Social Conditions Overlapping associations and groupings, so that allegiance to one group is not overpowering Ideological conditions Acceptance of the ideals of democracy and a willingness from the majority to proceed democratically

13. Constitutional Democracy A student from Chicago casts an early vote in the 2008 Illinois presidential primary. • The peaceful transfer of political power through elections

14. Constitutional Democracy “I say to president-elect Bush that what remains of partisan rancor must now be put aside, and may God bless his stewardship of this country. Neither he nor I anticipated this long and difficult road. Certainly neither of us wanted it to happen. Yet it came, and now it has ended, resolved, as it must be resolved, through the honored institutions of our democracy.” -Al Gore In 2000, Democrat Al Gore won the popular vote, but George W. Bush was declared winner by the Electoral College. Still, Gore graciously conceded defeat.

15. Constitutional Democracy Yet following Obama’s victory, Republican president George W. Bush did not attempt to prolong his time in office, and McCain and his supporters did not take up arms or go underground to plan a revolution. Similarly, neither Obama nor his supporters seriously thought about punishing McCain and his supporters. In 2008, many Democrats still felt cheated by the process that occurred in 2000, and Republican nominee John McCain warned that there would be dire economic and national security consequences if Democratic nominee Barack Obama was elected.

16. Democracy as a System of Interacting Values Equality of Opportunity Popular Consent Personal Liberty Respect for the Individual These basic values of democracy do not always coexist happily.

17. Democratic Values • Personal Liberty – Individuals must have the opportunity to realize their own goals. • Respect for the Individual – Rights for the individual; potential for common sense, rationality and fairness. • Equality of Opportunity – “All men are created equal….life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” • Popular Consent – Government derives it’s power from the consent of the people.

18. Democracy as a System of Interrelated Political Processes • Free and fair elections • Majority rule • Freedom of expression • The right to assemble and protest A student from Chicago casts an early vote in the 2008 Illinois presidential primary.

19. Majority vs. Plurality Majority – more than half of the votes Plurality – the most votes (3 candidates or more)

20. The Colonial Beginnings • Mayflower Compact • Legalized the Pilgrim’s position as a body politic • Colonial assemblies • Every colony in the New World had an assembly

21. English Philosophers • John Locke – “Second Treatise of Government” • Social Contract • Natural Rights • Consent of the Governed • Thomas Hobbes • Wrote the Leviathan • Believed people gave up some rights for protection

22. English Philosophers • Rousseau • Believed man was “born free and he is everywhere in chains”. • Popular Sovereignty: the people are the ultimate ruling authority. • Montesquieu • Beleived in the separation of power between the Executive legislative and Judicial branches.

23. The Rise of Revolutionary Fervor The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

24. Toward Unity and Order The Articles of Confederation • Goal: To bring the thirteen states together while allowing each state to remain independent • Adopted on March 1, 1781 Under the Articles, each state issued its own currency

25. Weakness of the Articles? Raise (levy) taxes Regulate Trade Coin Money Raise an Army

26. Shays’s Rebellion • Shays’s Rebellion • Economic depression of mid-1780s • Daniel Shays • Rallied farmers to demand change from government

27. The Constitutional Convention of 1787:The Delegates • 55 Delegates • Educated • Wealthy • Experienced in state/local government • White • Male To encourage open debate, the proceedings were kept secret.

28. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Consensus The common philosophy accepted by most of the delegates was that of balanced government – national government

29. Charles Beard “An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution” – 1913 Argues that the founders were influenced by their own personal interest when writing the Constitution.

30. Reading and Reflection “The American Political Tradition” –Richard Hofstadter

31. The Making of the Constitution Brainstorm Activity

32. Chronological Order • Articles of Confederation • Revolutionary War • Declaration of Independence • Constitutional Convention • Shay’s Rebellion • Ratification of the Constitution

33. Conflict and Compromise Northwest Ordinance of 1787

34. Issues • Bicameralism vs. Unicameralism • Taxation of Foreign Commerce • Large vs. Small States • Counting of Slaves • Direct Vote of Representatives • Landowners Only-? • Election of the President

35. The Compromises • Virginia Plan • New Jersey Plan • Connecticut Plan (Great Compromise) • Three-Fifths Compromise

36. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise 2 competing plans The Virginia Plan • National government would be supreme over the states • 2 Chambers (Bi-cameral) • Direct Voter Elections • Votes based on population • Favored by large /populous states The New Jersey Plan • “Confederation model” • 1 Chamber (Unicameral) • Each state has the same number of votes regardless of population • Favored by smaller states

37. The Great Compromise The Connecticut Plan • Bicameral Chambers • Upper House – Senate (2 per State) • Lower House – House of Representatives (based on population) • Direct Vote of Representatives • States decided voter requirements

38. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise The Conflict State-based approach versus an individual-based approach The Compromise House of Representatives: Proportional; Senate: Equal number of representatives from each state The Conflict The fact that Northerners hated slavery worried Southerners, who feared that their greater representation in Congress would be used to end slavery The Compromise Slaves counted as three-fifths of a free person; protection of the Atlantic Slave Trade for at least 20 years

39. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: Conflict and Compromise The Conflict Southerners feared that the North’s greater representation in Congress would be used to end slavery The Compromise Slaves counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining representation in the House of Representatives; protection of the Atlantic slave trade for at least 20 years

40. Electoral College

41. Amending and Ratification • Articles of Confederation – Amendments must be by unanimous vote by State Legislature (Article XIII) • Constitution – Nine States through State Convention (by the people…)

42. Let the arguing begin…… Federalist • City-Dwellers • Seaboard Dwellers • Rich / Educated • Supported Strong Nat’l Gov • Loose interpretation of constitution • Strong Navy • National Debt • Small States Anti-Federalist • Poor • Farmer • Country Dweller • Supported States Rights • Strict interpretation of constitution • Small Navy • State Debt • Large States

43. Federalists versus Anti-Federalists • The Federalist Papers - Publius • James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay • 84 Essays • The “Brutus” Essays • Author Unknown – believed to be the Governor of New York • 16 Essays

44. Arguments Against Ratification • No Bill of Rights • Impose Barriers • No rotation of officials • Not concerned with local issues / needs • Feared Congress would use delegated powers in abusive manner • Subdued natural rights

45. Argument Against Bill of Rights • Rights not listed could be denied • No power to regulate certain issues • 10th Amendment – States Rights • “Necessary and Proper” Clause, Article I, Section #8, Clause #18 • George Washington promises Bill of Rights

46. The Politics of Ratification Ratification of the Constitution Patrick Henry’s famous cry, “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!”

47. The Federalist Papers • Federalist #10 • Federalist #51

48. Democracy as a System of Interdependent Political Structures The five distinctive elements of the U.S. constitutional system Federalism Separation of Powers Bicameralism Checks and Balances Bill of Rights

49. Activity • Identify 3 or 4 issues the United States faces today that the founders could not have foreseen. Discuss how the Constitution is relevant to these issues.