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Chapter 31

Chapter 31. Gerunds Gerundives The Passive Periphrastic. 1. Gerunds. If participles are verbal adjectives, gerunds are verbal nouns . We have gerunds in English, just like we do participles. In English, gerunds end in – ing so that at a glance one may confuse them with participles.

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Chapter 31

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  1. Chapter 31 Gerunds Gerundives The Passive Periphrastic

  2. 1. Gerunds If participles are verbal adjectives, gerundsare verbal nouns. We have gerunds in English, just like we do participles. In English, gerunds end in –ingso that at a glance one may confuse them with participles. Lucky for you that Latin has a distinct form for the gerund…

  3. 1. Gerunds • Rules for gerunds • Always neuter • Always singular • Will only be seen in four cases • Genitive • Dative (rarely used) • Accusative • Ablative • No nominative form = can never be the subject of a sentence • Accusative never used as direct object, only as object of prepositions

  4. 1. Gerunds Present stem + -nd- + 2nd decl. neuter sing. endings = gerund 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs use -ie- as part of the stem

  5. 1. Gerunds • As a genitive • With a noun • Studiumvīvendī cum amīcīshabet • She has a fondness of (for) living with friends. • With and adjective • Cupidusdīscendī • Desirous of learning • With causā or gratiā to show purpose • Pugnandīcausā • For the sake of fighting; in order to fight • As a dative • Generally with adjectives of suitability • Nāvisaptanāvigandō • A ship fit for sailing • As an accusative • With ad to show purpose • Ad discendumvēnērunt. • They came to learn.

  6. 1. Gerunds • As an ablative • Of means • Fāmavīrēsacquīriteundō • With prepositions (ā/ab, dē, ex, in) • Multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in currendō. • He/She spent much time in running. • Dēbenevīvendōdīxerunt • The spoke about living well. • Never as a nominative or a direct object • We use subjective infinitives and objective infinitives for those uses.

  7. 2. Gerundives A gerundivelooks like an gerund, but it is, in fact, a verbal adjective. It is another participle; it is also known as the future passive participle. Because it is a participle, it must agree with some noun. It may appear in any case, unlike a gerund. So it has the following forms…

  8. 2. Gerundives Present stem + -nd- + 1st/2nd decl. m/f/n adjective endings = gerundive 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs use -ie- as part of the stem Keeping gerunds and gerundives separate in your mind: Remember gerundives are adjectives.

  9. 2. Gerundives • Using gerundives • Often used to show necessity (more on this later) • Crīminanōnferenda • Virlaudandus • Often used when a gerund would have taken a direct object; it agrees with the word that would have been a direct object • Librīslegendīsdiscimus– We learn by reading books • Librōrumlegendōrumcausāōtium petit – She/He seeks leisure for the purpose of reading books • Rōmamvēnit ad aedificiaveteravidenda – He/She came to Rome to see the old buildings. • See the book on possible gerund + direct object constructions, but realize that this is not the construction preferred by most Roman authors

  10. 3. Passive Periphrastic The passive periphrastic is the most common use of the gerundive. It is used to show necessity. Gerundive + sum, esse = passive periphrastic The gerundive will agree with the subject of the sentence, the object to which some action must be done. If the sentences mentions the person who must do the action, that person is indicated by a dative of agent.

  11. 3. Passive Periphrastic Most famous passive periphrastic: Carthagodelendaest It never actually appears in this form in Latin. In Pliny it appears as … cum clāmāretomnīsenatūCarthāginemdēlendam (esse)… And in the late writer Florus it appears as Cato inexpiābilī odiō dēlendam esse Carthāginem, et cum dē aliō consulerētur, prōnuntiābat.

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