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…a selected overview. the “Bright” Future for Neutrino Facilities around the world. L. R. Sulak CPPM Marseille and Boston University. a new era since 1998, the advent of neutrino mass and oscillations now a panoply of key, very difficult, experiments
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…a selected overview... the “Bright” Future for Neutrino Facilities around the world L. R. Sulak CPPM Marseille and Boston University Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
a new era since 1998, the advent of neutrino mass and oscillations now a panoply of key, very difficult, experiments precision neutrino oscillation parameters Petcov ...search for CP violation in a second sector of nature neutrinoless double beta decay Avignone,Vergados absolute mass scale...the problem of mass Feruglio neutrino astronomy all point to high energy scale, possibly Grand Unification scale each goal has very different needs neutrino sources...flux, energy, baseline detectors...shielding, depth, volume neutrinos...physics as important as searching for electroweak scale ... neutrinos merit the many required new facilities de Gouvea, Spiro, Wolfenstein... Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...the future... Evolution of Major Neutrino Research Worldwide Facility Detectors Neutrino Source SNOLab SNO→SNO+ →SNO++ Bruce Reactor + bb, Dark Matter + ... Soudan Lab Minos→NOnA NuMI → p driver+ Kamioka Lab SK→Hyper-K K2K→T2K KEK → JPARC+ Kamland→ many reactors + ... Gran Sasso Lab Opera, Icarus CNGS → SPL+ + ... Modane Lab→ →Megaton CERN → SPL+ + ... South Pole Amanda→IceCube astro Mediterranean Antares/Nemo/Nestor→Km3 astro Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...time limits talk to selected future operations not already discussed... (apologies to many friends for providing info for other facilities) SNOLab... “new” international lab, in transition $50 M expansion program to accommodate many experiments SNO detector evolution Wilkerson Km3 astrophysical observatory... 3 sites and 2 technologies Piatelli,Thompson first data from Nestor prototype “star” Tzamarias construction of 12 “string” Antares underway Anton requested 10 M Euro for Km3 engineering, site study in approval process Frejus Lab...a home for Megaton? with potential ideal beams from CERN Neutrino planning studies in the US Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
Nestor prototype “Star” Deployment March 2003 6 blue optical modules 2 pm’s each 6 yellow floats above pix: white lines to bouy red line to LED beacon below, unseen: lines to junction box Tzamarias Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
Nestor: 800 events from 106 4-fold triggers Run: 63_37 Event: 396
(1/N)dN/dcos(θ) M.C. Prediction Data Points Zenith Angle (degrees) Angular Fits to Nestor Raw Data Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
Nestor measurement of atmospheric muon flux ...an existence proof for deep underwater technology
...deployment of Antares preproduction prototype string, 5 OMs, 2002 Anton Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
beside geography, why so many facilities? for Megaton... the bigger the better. for solar and background sensitive exp’ts the deeper, the better e.g. impossible for IMB consider SNO at Sudbury Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...Letters of Intent, presentations from last month…Sinclair Prospective Experiments at New SNOLab Int’l Facility 6 kmwe, deepest int’l facility: 70 muons/day vs. 26,000/day at Kamioka 2 new halls, 30m x 15m, approved (~1/2 size vs. Gran Sasso), $50 M upgrades potentially in new halls, starting ‘07: Dark Matter Searches CDMS vs Soudan, SNO depth minimizes muon-induced fast neutrons Akerib ZEPLIN dark matter with liquid scintillator, if Boulby is not deep enough Smith CLEAN 1 T (10 T for solar n) self-shielded, scintillating liquid Ne/Xe* McKinsey XENON drifting charge dark matter search - R & D Aprile DRIFT dark matter with pointing using low pressure TPC: Martoff PICASSO acoustic detection of nuclear recoil with superheated bubbles in gel Zacek or Neutrino Experiments HALO SNO 3He detectors with Pb, supernova neutrinos Duba Noble Liquid Tracking Detectors for solar neutrinos with He or Xe Willis Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
or Double Beta Decay searches Majorana 500 kg of Ge detectors for : scale up of known technology Elliott GERDA (~GENIUS) 1 T Ge crystals in clean Liq N2, no housings, self-shielded Abt EXO Xe TPC, with laser fluorescence tag of Ba upon decay Gratta COBRA CdZnTe...semiconductor, all 3 candidates Zuber with the SNO Detector or Cavity after 3He neutral current work is done, SNO Phase III over, D2O comes out in ’07 SNO+ geo and reactor neutrinos: fill with scintillator with n tag, get 700 kT fiducial Chen & SNO++ Decay: scintillator + 1 Ton of Te or Nb nanocrystals McDonald or + 2 Ton Xe dissolved gas SNO best facility in world for almost all experiments? ...but potential cavity size too small for Megaton Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...potential future of SNO+ Detector, for geo and reactor neutrinos... A Closer Look at SNO+ infrastructure for low background work e.g. low Rn cover gas (N2), 1 neutron capture/day from U&Th 1 kT of low background liquid scintillator, as in KamLAND w/ 10-17 Geo electron anti-neutrinos Gratta n energy = 3.4 MeV - 1.8 MeV Q = 1.6 MeV positron + 1 MeV e+e- annihilation = 2.6 MeV deposited for KamLAND: at 180 km from reactors, looking for geo n at <2.6 MeV overwhelmed by 2nd oscillation minimum at 3 MeV ...hard to extract geo n since reactor n spectrum distorted just there and only ~40 geoneutrinos per year Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
consider geo signal to noise Fiorentini ...KamLAND poised to make another “splash” ... ...but geo-neutrinos and reactor neutrinos are difficult to separate Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
... SNO+ vs. KamLAND: how important is distance from reactor? SNO+ is 240 km from 14 GW Bruce vs KamLAND at 180 km from 80 GW Gratta 2nd reactor oscillation minimum moves up x 1.5 to 5 MeV reactor flux is max no geo n signal >3.4 MeV ...clean for reactor neutrinos narrower dip sharper spectral distortion a notch at 5 MeV 80 events / year, if no reactor oscillations note subtle difference in pattern with Casper’s Oscillator for geo-neutrinos, look < 2.6 MeV, at SNO+ many fewer reactor neutrinos (1 reactor, further away) oscillation pattern smeared out 64 geo-neutrino events / year vs. 29 at KamLAND & 10 at Borexino U/Th neutrino source thick continental crust, Galbiati vs. the thin coastal crust in Japan SNO+... ideal to separate geo from reactor neutrinos? Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...again using the great depth... SNO+ as low energy solar neutrino detector 7Be 0.86 MeV line 10% calculational, 40% experimental uncertainty...difficult pep 1.44 MeV line...a precision measurement 1% predicted uncertainty...3000/year oscillated muon-induced 11C → e+ gives 1 MeV within 20 minutes untenable background in KamLAND , Borexino SNO+ : with only 70 muons/day track muon and veto 1 m radius around it see talk of Suzuki Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...the other lab with a rebirth... Modane Megaton detector: two possible sites, both ~130 km to CERN Fréjus I required second tunnel, near the present lab, ’05-’08 deep covering, 4800 mwe dry rock, good quality, well known question: 5m diameter safety tunnel or 10m roadway? Fréjus II 15 km experimental tunnel for new Lyon-Torino TGV train (actual train tunnel to be longest and deepest in Europe) endorsed by Chirac and Berlusconi on Monday covering of 7000 mwe rock expected to be hard, but not yet studied potentially water, since glaciers above problem: regional support for lab if no entry in France? Bouchez, Gerbier, Mosca
EU: build Megaton for proton decay and supernova after tunneling super and beta beams later...(CLIC competition?) JPARC/T2K: Hyper-K and 2 MW proton source upgrade tentative, pending proton decay hint at Super-K, or favorable θ13 measurement in T2K...Hyper-K could be much later Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
Advantages of both Frejus Sites independent, horizontal access neutrino super-beams and beta beams likely upgrades to CERN at “magic distance” and right L/E (130 km/0.3 GeV) for those beams if LEP RF cavities recycled, 2.2 GeV protons give 0.3 GeV n higher energy, muon/pion discrimination a problem lower energy, muons don’t make enough Cherenkov light in water (further away, higher E, as in US, e/po/g separation a problem for Č French and Italian joint initiative “extension” of Gran Sasso Lab... water prevents a Megaton cavity preliminary study of large cavity (106 m3) at both Fréjus sites maximum possible size of cavity for each of 3 shapes? cost and time of excavation? Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...under study Modane “Megaton,” 2 detector technologies, 3 geometries 1 MT water Cherenkov à la Hyper-K 100 kT liquid argon Bueno, Rubbia Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
Bouchez, Gerbier, Mosca Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...meanwhile in America? Two Neutrino Physics Planning Processes American Physical Society Neutrino Study...by August Freedman & Kayser set priorities for experiments with neutrinos: solar & atmospheric astrophysical reactor superbeams double beta decay NSF Initiative: A “Deep Engineering and Science Underground Laboratory” 7 potential sites: Henderson, Homestake, Icicle Creek, Kimburton, San Jacinto, Soudan, WIPP 3 solicitations for proposals: 1) site independent physics justification and requirements, May ‘04 2) site specific proposals, a few to be chosen 3) full proposals, limited to the NSF selected sites Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...conclusions... new recognition of importance of neutrino physics relative to electroweak symmetry breaking necessity of coupled source / detector facilities synergism with proton drivers at CERN, FNAL, JPARC increased luminosity and intensity for other experiments radioactive ion beams...nuclear, biology, medicine naturally lead to hot neutrino beams Hayato, Kobayashi, Mezzetto Neutrino ’06: results expected from Antares, Minos...as well as many other experiments longer term: significant promise for Hyper-K, IceCube, Km3, Megaton ...bright future for neutrino facilities, near, medium and long term Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
...but first, a personal “au revoir” recognizing precocious mentorship for proton decay, neutrino oscillation searches... wild ideas welcome... acoustic detection ‘77, water Cherenkov ’77 & ‘79, up/down ne/nm asymmetry ‘79 ...and the tradition lives on Learned George Marx and Angel Morales, homage for this, their conference series godfathers to neutrino physics and the legacy of detectors that followed Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
…wither this next step in neutrino physics in Europe? Future European Neutrino Sources and Detectors Coordinated Accelerator Research in Europe for Hi Intensity Proton Pulsed Injector CERN accelerator projects: Multi-MegaWatt Proton Linac RFQ preinjector 3MeV @ 50 mA... a project of CEA, CNRS, IN2P3 Linac 4 3 MeV → 160MeV…5-10 x more protons...R&D Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL at CERN, Proton Driver at FNAL) 160 MeV → 2 GeV x 2 mA = 4 MW goal for 2014 the promise for neutrino physics: Super-intense CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (SCNGS) 2 x more neutrinos (limited by other elements in complex) Super (but conventional) Neutrino Beams...many more neutrinos (Advantages for LHC (robust operation, hi luminosity for UltraLHC, rare K decays, etc 3-4 x more protons on target) Aleksan Neutrino 2004 - L. Sulak
