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Unit One A Young Boy’s Ambition. What do you know about the American author Mark Twain? What transient ambitions do you have when you were a child? Do you have any permanent ambition now? What is it?. Warm up questions. Key points. but one: only
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What do you know about the American author Mark Twain? What transient ambitions do you have when you were a child? Do you have any permanent ambition now? What is it? Warm up questions
Key points • but one: only • permanent: means lasting for ever and never changing • transient: lasting for only a short time New York has a transient population. • fade out: disappear gradually • The memory in Japan will never fade out from his mind.
drowse: drowsy,drowsiness • pretty nearly: means almost pretty much pretty well • It is pretty nearly impossible to travel over these mountains in winter. • film: a film of :the coating or covering on or over sth. • A film of mist
pour out: cause people or things to come or go in a continuous stream • in a twinkling: in a very short time or very quickly • husband: save to use sth • husband one’s strength, • husband resources • be under way: having started and making progress
justice of the peace: refers to a person who judges less serious cases in a local law court. • issue from: result from • Economic problems are issuing from a lack of investment • offend: offence offensive • This was distinction enough for me as a general thing: generally speaking, my father’s occupation is distinctive enough for me .
conspicuous: when use to describe a thing, it means easily seen. When to modify a person, it means attracting attention by unusual behavior. • The actress wore a mini-skirt on a snowy day in order to be conspicuous • eminence: eminent : a eminent scientist • swell: be proud of doing sth • His heart swelled with pride. • slough: stand, sit or move in a lazy way often not quite upright • She sloughed round the room all day.
vague: not clearly expressed or perceived • dim: where or which one cannot see well, not bright, or not clearly remembered. • Indefinite: not clearly defined or stated • Obscure: not easily or clearly seen or understood, hidden • lapse into : sink, pass or fall by degrees • lapse in reading,lapse in addiction
Warm up questions • Do you often feel tired? • When do you usually feel tired? • What do you think are the probable causes of you tiredness if you sometimes feel tired? • How many kinds of fatigue can you classify?
Key points • when hay was baled by hand: when dried grass was tied in bundles • tire: is the general and ordinary word and usually implies the draining of one’s strength or patience; it may suggest such causes as overextension, long continuance at a task, boredom, or a sense of futility. • Weary: as often suggests an incapacity for enduring more of the same thing or an unwillingness to continue one’ effort or one’s interest. • Fatigue: is stronger than tire and implies great lassitude brought on by overstrain or undue effort. • Exhaust: heightens fatigue’s implications of drained strength or a worn-out condition of mind or of body.
era: age/period • labor-saving: use less labor • wear oneself down: cause to be reduced bit by bit; feel exhausted • Recently, the heavy work really wore me down. • feel dragged out: feel very tired; become exhausted all over • The old lady went to bed early, because she felt dragged out after her long journey. • resume full activity: restore one’s activity fully
drain of : use too much • on end: continuously • by far: so far • conflict: in psychology, it means sth.make you feel depressed • distract: take a person’s mind off something • distract one’s attention
counterproductive: having negative result • The medicine has some counterproductive effect on people • backfire: having the opposite result • The overdose of sleeping oills can backfire and cause harmful effects. • 14. boost: to increase; raise • To boost prices/ a big boost in salary • enhance: strenghten • enhance one’s political conciousness • health enhances beauty
in a relaxed fashion: in a relaxed manner • drag down: become exhausted • overextend: take on too much • Since she has overextended the job, she is working overtime every evening. • in perspective: considering things in relation to one nother accurately and fairly • take sth. in stride: accept and deal with something easily • with a thud: with dull sound as of a blow
Group Discussion • Do you remember playing together with your parents or older relatives? Do you think children need to be treated in this way? • Do you think that a child should be allowed to play with mud, water, sand or any other messy or dirty substance until he “grows out of it”?
Key points • refer to : memtion • eg. The red rose refers to love. • distinguish: v • eg. Can you distinguish the rose from the lily. • distinguish oneself by sth • This girl distinguishes herself by coolness. • distinguished: adj. • Tom is a distinguished professor in our university. • rear: n. • eg. a kitchen in/at/to the rear of the house. • rear: v. bring up; raise • eg. rear a family • The snake reared its head.
temperament: person’s disposition or nature • eg. a man with artistic temperament • I have got a very nervous temperament. • defect: n. flaw • eg. defect in a car • defect in education system • defect: v. betray • Our spy defected to the enemy. • outlet: n. means of releasing one’s feeling • the outlet of the water • eg. He need an outlet for pent angry. • warp: v. • eg. The damp wood began to warp. • The sun warped the book.
conform to: accord with • eg. Your behavior should conform to the requirement of the law. • conform with/to • eg. His idea does not conform with mine. • 9 zest: great interest or pleasure • eg. Her zest fot life is as great as ever. • He entered into our plan with zest. • indulgence: n. gratify one’s desire • eg. Let’s talk about the serious consequence of indulgence. • Indulge: v. indulge in • eg He indulged himself in drinks every day.
Severe: adj. strict • eg. My parents are very severe with me. • leave out: omit • eg. Remember not to leave out the last sentence of the paragraph. • at intervals: in a period between two events or times • eg. The meeting continues at intervals of five minutes. • preach: v • eg. She preached the economy as the best means of solving the crisis. • You are in no position to preach to me about efficiency. • It is generally accepted that • eg. it is generally accepted that all children are born with equal intelligence.
as regard: with reference to; concerning • eg. As regard the fatigue, I have noting to say. • extend over: • eg. The peace negotiations have extended over two year. • acquisition: gaining by skill • eg. I like your earrings-are they a recent acquisition. • deceive: v. cause sb. to believe sth. that is false • eg. If they think their kids are happy, they are deceiving themselves. • Disillusion: state of being free from sth.different from the reality • eg. There is increasing disillusionment with the government.
Group Discussion • Can you give some examples of old customs of politeness and ceremony in old China? • The actual words we use also show respect or the opposite. What examples can you think of in Chinese? Are they closely related with class distinctions? • Dose the English language have its own ways of showing respect or the opposite?
Key points • etiquette: synonyms: convention, protocol, code, unwritten law • prostrate: lie with the face down and arms stretches out, esp. in obedience or worship. • haughty: compare with arrogant, bigheaded, conceited, vain, complacent, pompous • as a rule: usually; more often than not • As a rule, we get up about six o’clock.
on show; being exhibited to the public • Some famous cars are on show here. • work out: calculate; devise in detail • covet: desire strongly • The presidency is surely a job that every politician covets. • mark off: make into a separate area by drawing line • precedence: the condition of being dealt with before other things or of being considered more important than other things. • Business people often think that fluency and communication take precedence over grammar when speaking.
in the presence of: close enough to be seen or heard by someone • precede: be or go before something or someone in time or space. • He unlocked the door and preceded them into the bare little room. • in accordance with: in agreement or conformity • treaty: a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leaders. • harmonious: in agreement, free from ill feeling • International free trade promotes harmonious relation between nations.
wane: become less or weaker • My enthusiasm for the project was waning. • unrest: means disturbed condition • social/political unrest • be irrelevant to: not relate to • gracious: kind, generous; courteous, esp. refers to the behavior of people towards other people who have a lower social position which is polite and pleasant. • graceful : refers to a quality that is simple, natural beauty, esp. of movement or form. • valiant: very brave or bravely determined, esp. when things are difficult or the situation gives no cause for hope
debase: reduce in quality or value • debase the value of dollar • have… to one’s name: own
Warm up questions • What are they doing? • What has happened to thme? • What are their probable occupations?
Key points • swamp by/with • ⑴ cover a place or thing with a large amount of water • The boat was swamped by an enormous wave. • ⑵ if something swamps a person or thing, it comes to them in a larger amount than they can easily deal with. • I am swamped with work at the moment. • it’s all down to body language: it’s all caused by body language • I am sure the problem is down to her inexperience, not any of intelligence.
incongruity: something not in harmony or agreement, something out of place. • The obvious friendship between the two leaders was another incongruity in these already unusual negotiations. • make sense of : find a meaning in • I have read the letter twice, but I can’t make sense of it. • know…..as : name …as regard…..as • I know her as a colleague, but not really as a friend. • rapport: close agreement or sympathy with someone else • After working with Jane for many years, I had developed a close rapport
animatedly: in a way that is interesting and energetic • The spectators were animatedly debating the likely result of the tennis final. • edge away: move slowly and carefully away • We all start to edge away slightly, or sit forward in our chair, when we’re too polite to say “I’d like to leave”, and most people will take the hint. • open up: make open, make possible the development of • I was so embarrassed that I wished the floor would open up and swallow me.
be aware of : have knowledge or experience of a particular thing • I am well aware of the problems caused by this new road--- it turns right past my office. • in the guise of: assuming a particular manner or appearance • The men who arrived in the guise of drug dealers were actually undercover police officers. • When two people meeting make eye contact, both raise and lower their eyebrows in a flash greeting, which is known by experts as the eyebrow flash: when two people meeting make eye contact, they will raise and lower eyebrows quickly to express their greeting. Experts call this “eyebrow flash”
at the height of: at the time when it is the strongest and most full of activity. • At the height of crisis, we were left without any help.
Warm up questions • What decision would you make if you were her parent, husband, or the judge? • Is society obliged to preserve life at any cost? Or is there a point when nature should be allowed to take its course?
Key points • Dilema: a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do because all the choices given seem equally good or equally bad • eg: This placed Robert Kennedy in a dilema. • Double-edged sword: something that has as many bad results as good ones; something with one negative and one positive effect • eg: The competition rules must be regarded as a double-edged sword. • Outstrip: be greater in quantity than something else; exceed or surpass • eg: The demand for food outstripped the supply.
Blur: make the difference between two ideas, subjects, less clear • eg: The difference between male and female roles within the house has become blurred. • Limbo: a state of uncertainty about a situation that you cannot control and in which there is no advancement and improvement • eg: I am in limbo until I know whether I’ve got the job.
In the wake of: of something, especially something bad happening afterwards and usually as a result of it • eg: They submitted their resignations in the wake of a scandal. • Paramount: more important than anything else. • eg: During a war, the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come last.
Congenital: existing since or before birth; inherent • eg: The city seems to have a congenital inferiority complex. • Defect: a fault or a lack of something that means that something or someone is not perfect. • eg:A defect in the braking system caused several accidents before the car was recalled.
Group discussion • What jobs are valued most from the general perspective, and why? • How do different people define success? • What do people find stressful about their jobs?
Key points • Prototype: someone or something that is one of the first and most typical examples f a group or situation. • eg: The prototype of this particular computer was developed by an American in 1975. • Knowledgeable: knowing a lot • eg: We are looking for people who are knowledgeable about the oil and banking industries. • Committed: willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something believing strongly in something • eg: The company looks for highly committed people who are willing to study for further professional qualifications in their own time.
Convinced: feeling certain that something is true • eg: Molly agreed, but she did not sound very convinced. • Aspiration: a strong desire to have or do something • eg: He has never had any aspiration to earn a lot of money.
Affluent: having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things • eg: As people become more affluent, their standard and style of living improves. • Condo: an apartment building in which each apartment is owned by the person living in it, but the building and the shared areas are owned by everyone together • eg: He had finally decided to rent a condo on the lake.
Defer: delay something until a later date; postpone • eg: Further discussion on the proposal will be deferred until April. • Poignant: having a strong effect on your feelings, especially in a way that makes you feel sad. • eg:This is one of her most poignant works.
Group discussion • Do you think that animals have intelligence as human beings do? Do animals have emotions? • What is your opinion of keeping pets?
