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Monday, February 6 , 2017

Monday, February 6 , 2017. Grab a sheet of scrap paper out of the basket. Get out something to write with. Bellringer – answer on the scrap paper. How are plasma and the formed elements of blood different? What are the steps of hemostasis?. Are you correct?.

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Monday, February 6 , 2017

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  1. Monday, February 6, 2017 Grab a sheet of scrap paper out of the basket. Get out something to write with.

  2. Bellringer – answer on the scrap paper • How are plasma and the formed elements of blood different? • What are the steps of hemostasis?

  3. Are you correct? • The formed elements include the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, or the cells found in the blood. The plasma is the liquid portion of blood that is mostly water. • Hemostasis: 1) vascular spasm; 2) platelet plug formation; 3) coagulation

  4. LEQs • What is the structure of the heart? • What path does blood take through the heart and body? • What are the differences and similarities in the functions of the systemic system, pulmonary system, hepatic portal, and coronary circulation?

  5. Read pgs. 362-366 Homework – copy down; due tomorrow • What are the layers of the heart from outer-most to inner-most? • What is the difference between atria and ventricles in terms of location, structure and function? • Starting with the vena cava, what is the path of blood through the heart? Include the trip to the lungs, blood vessels & specific valves.

  6. Get out CVS Notes

  7. Cardiovascular System Notes Part 1

  8. Basics • Cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessels • Cardio- = heart • -vascular = refers to the blood vessels • Basic path: arteries – arterioles – capillaries – venules - veins

  9. Pulmonary circuit • Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get O2 and get rid of CO2

  10. Systemic Circuit • Sends O2 rich blood and nutrients all over body • Removes wastes

  11. Path of blood • O2- poor blood to right atrium • Right atrium to right ventricle • Right ventricle pumps to lungs • Lungs to left atrium • Left atrium to left ventricle • Left ventricle to body

  12. Structure of heart • Hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump • In thoracic cavity, on top of the diaphragm • Size: approx. 14 cm long by 9 cm wide • Pericardium = covering around heart • Heart wall = epicardium (outer layer); myocardium (muscular middle layer); endocardium (inner layer)

  13. Chambers • 2 atria on top; thin walls; receive blood • 2 ventricles on bottom; thicker walls; pumps blood out into arteries • Septum; wall that separates left and right sides

  14. Valves • Function: to ensure one-way blood flow • AV (atrioventricular) valves: tricuspid & mitral • Tricuspid: on right, 3 cusps (flaps) • Mitral: on left, a.k.a. bicuspid; only 2 cusps • Pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery; 3 cusps • Aortic valve: at base of aorta and top of left ventricle; 3 cusps

  15. Blood Supply • Coronary arteries: 1st 2 branches of aorta; provide for the capillaries of the myocardium • Cardiac veins: remove blood from myocardial capillaries • Coronary sinus: empties into right atrium

  16. Cardiac cycle • Systole = contraction • Diastole = relaxation • Cycle = atrial systole / ventricular diastole – ventricular systole / atrial diastole – both relax; equals a complete heart beat

  17. Beating heart • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1xEvCzsvTM

  18. Heart sounds • Through a stethoscope sounds like “lubb – dupp” • Lubb = ventricular contraction; AV valves closing • Dupp = ventricular relaxation pulmonary & aortic valves closing • Murmur = abnormal heart sounds

  19. Functional Syncytium • Mass of merging cells that function as a unit • Atrial walls and ventricular walls

  20. Cardiac conduction system • Fibers that initiate and distribute impulses throughout the myocardium • Coordinates cardiac cycle

  21. Sinoatrial node (S-A node) • In right atrium near superior vena cava • Initiates impulses that spread into myocardium and cause cardiac contractions • A.k.a. the pacemaker

  22. The Path • S-A note  atrial syncytium  junctional fibers  A-V node  A-V bundle  bundle branches  Purkinje fibers  ventricular syncytium

  23. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Recording of electrical changes during cardiac cycle • Muscle fibers are polarized between cycles • P wave = depolarization of ventricles • T wave = ventricles repolarizing • P-Q interval = time between beginning of P wave and beginning of QRS complex; time for impulse to travel from S-A node through A-V

  24. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle • cells need more blood during certain times, like strenuous exercise • parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve fibers “tell” the heart to increase heart rate • Temperature changes can affect HR (colder = slower HR) • Ions affect HR (CA+2, K+)

  25. Blood Vessels • Closed circuit • Tubes that carry blood from the heart to the cells and back • Includes: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

  26. Arteries & Arterioles • Carry blood away from the heart • Under high pressure • Arteries are larger • Arterioles are smaller and branched • Contain muscle in the artery wall • Vasoconstriction: contraction of the artery • Vasodilation: increase diameter of the vessel • Aorta = largest-diameter artery

  27. Capillaries • Smallest-diameter blood vessel • Connect to arterioles and venules • Where exchange of gases and nutrients happens between blood and cells • Happens by osmosis, diffusion and filtration

  28. Veins and venules • Carry blood back to heart • Veins are larger than venules • Lower pressure than in arteries and arterioles • Less muscle in the wall than arteries • Many contain valves

  29. Blood pressure • Force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels • Systolic pressure: max pressure during ventricular contraction • Diastolic pressure: lower pressure during ventricular relaxation • Influenced by stroke volume / cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, viscosity • Normal = 120 / 80 (+/- 20)

  30. Tuesday, February 7, 2017 • Turn in homework (3 questions) • Grab a copy of the Pulse / BP Lab • Get a ruler • Get out several sheets of paper & something to write with • READ THROUGH THE ENTIRE PACKET

  31. Set Up Paper • Put your first & last name in upper right corner of your paper • Put the title on the top line & underline it • BP & Pulse Lab • Set up for answers; leave space to answer

  32. Activity 1 • 3. _______ sec • (question) • (question) • Activity 2 • (question) • (question) • (question) • count 1 • count 2 • count 3 • average

  33. Activity 3 • apical count _____ beats / min • radial count _____ pulses / min • pulse deficit _____ pulses / min • Activity 4 • First trial: systolic pressure _____ diastolic pressure _____ • Second trial: systolic pressure _____ diastolic pressure _____

  34. Activity 5 • Copy Charts 1 & 2 • Use a ruler & make it neat • leave room to answer 2 questions • Activity 6 • 3. (question) • 4. (question) • 5. (2 questions) • 7. (3 questions) • Effects of Venous Congestion • color of raised arm: • color of dependent arm: • (question)

  35. Effect of Mechanical Stimulation • (question) • (question) • You will complete the entire lab procedure tomorrow & Thurs. / Fri. in class.

  36. Lab directions • Before using, clean off ear pieces of stethoscope w/ alcohol-soaked cotton ball; throw cotton ball in trash • read & follow all directions • Ask if you have any questions

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