第十一章汉英语言心理的对比

第十一章汉英语言心理的对比

语言研究的三个层面和汉英对比的三个层次： 1. a. 具体语言规律层面 b. 普通语言学层面 c. 语言哲学层面 2. a. 语言间语法特征对比 b. 语言表现法的对比 c. 语言心理的对比

一、整体思维与个体思维 • 用词语为事物命名的整体观照. 金星、木星、水星、火星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星 Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

2. 整体性重复的句子安排 a. 镇子坐落在一个峡谷里，东面是山，西面是山，南面是山，北面也是山。 The small town lies in a valley surrounded with mountains.

b. 这年头什么都要送礼，生要送礼，老要 送礼，病要送礼，死要送礼。 Nowadays you’ll have to send presents on almost every occasion—Presents for childbirth, on the birthday of the aged, to show your care when somebody is ill or some help to make arrangement for somebody’s funeral.

c. 我们春天需要太阳，秋天需要太阳，冬天需要太阳，夏天也需要太阳。 We need sunlight all the year round.

d. 我建议我们分头干：我来做菜，做饭， 洗碗；你去取车，洗车，擦车；或者你来做菜，做饭，洗碗；我去取车，洗车，擦车。 I suggest we divide up our job: one of us does the cooking and wash-up and the other to fetch the bike, wash and grease it.

e. 每一种京剧脸谱的颜色代表一种性格特征：红色代表忠勇，白色代表奸诈，黄色代表豪侠，绿色和蓝色代表鲁莽，有时也代表神鬼，黑色代表正直廉洁，金色和银色代表天神。

Each color of the painted face in Peking Opera represents a particular personality trait. Red indicated loyalty and courage, white craftiness and dishonesty, yellow valor;green and blue represent rough-and-ready characters of demons and spirits;black-denotes uprightness and integrity. Gold and silver are exclusively for immortals and celestial beings.

3. 表现法的程式化综合性倾向。 a. 还有一些人相爱一是通过长期在工作中的接触；二是性格相近，三是对工作和爱情的看法也相同。 Still others became lovers through long contact at work. They usually had similar dispositions and each attached the same importance to work and love.

b. 一个好作家总是热爱生活；一个好作家总是毫无例外地将自己的社会政治倾向性融汇于他所创造的角色中；一个好作家也更是毫无例外地力求根据生活的真实来塑造人物性格的真实及其无限复杂的内涵。

A good writer loves social life and invariably merges his sociopolitical tendencies in the literary characters he creates. What’s more, he, too, invariably tries to delineated the truthfulness and limitless complexity of character in the light of truth.

c. 今年生产计划的顺利完成，是全体职工共同努力的结果，是加强本行业横向联系同心协力的结果，也是市局领导大抓宏观管理和全局安排、运筹的结果。 The production plan was carried through due to the common effort of the workers and staff, the cooperation between the factories in partnership and the effective management of the government departments concerned.

“…三省十八县，汉家客商，瑶家猎户，药匠，壮家小贩，都在这里云集贸易。猪行牛市。蔬菜果品，香菇木耳，懒蛇活猴，海参洋布，日用百货，饮食小摊…晴天是一片头巾、花怕、草帽，雨天是一片斗篷、纸伞、布伞。”（《芙蓉镇》）“…三省十八县，汉家客商，瑶家猎户，药匠，壮家小贩，都在这里云集贸易。猪行牛市。蔬菜果品，香菇木耳，懒蛇活猴，海参洋布，日用百货，饮食小摊…晴天是一片头巾、花怕、草帽，雨天是一片斗篷、纸伞、布伞。”（《芙蓉镇》）

“…From eighteen counties in three provinces came Han merchants, Yao hunters and physicians, and Zhuang peddlers. There were two markets for pigs and buffaloes, stalls of vegetables, fruit, mushrooms and edible fungus, snakes and monkey, sea-slugs, foreign cloth, daily necessities and snacks…The place swarmed with people, rang with a hubbub of voices. If you look down from the back hill on fine days, you saw turbans, kerchiefs, straw hats;on wet days, coir caps and umbrellas of cloth or oiled paper.”

二、悟性与理性 • 词语模糊化 • 语义的模糊 • 句法成分的模糊化 • 语言单位的模糊

三、主体意识与客体意识 1. 物称与人称 What has happened to you? 你出了什么事？你怎么了？ An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。

Not a sound reached our ears. 我们什么也没听到 Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。

The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没有想到她这么不老实。

新县长上台以来全县情况非但没有好转，而且每新县长上台以来全县情况非但没有好转，而且每况愈下。 The whole county has gone to hell instead of picking up with the new magistrate. 为了编辑出版《吴昌硕书画集》，他还走访了许多吴老的学生，和吴老的学生的学生。 His interview also included the painter’s students and their students to get in information for the publishing of Wu Changshuo’s Painting.

星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有两万两千名学生的密执安大学现代化校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅排队取午餐，然后举行了一场表演赛。 Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.

It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.

近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借书还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。 The number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and don’t forget that the library is for everyone’s convenience. So from now on, we’re going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned!

2. 被动与主动。 仅仅有27.7％的青年夫妇在他们结婚之前分到住房，有些人是在结婚之后一年，有些甚至等了好几年才分到房子。 Only 27.7 percent of newly married couples were given an apartment on the eve of their marriage or even a year after or more after their marriage.

他见到你连魂都丢了。 He was confounded at the sight of you. 撒个小谎说“不在家”，面子不就保全了。 Your face would be saved with a white lie like “not at home”. 我得了流感。I was hit by flu.

有机会就要抓住，不能迟疑。 Grab off the opportunity. Feel no hesitation. 搞得我心乱如麻。 It made me upset. 只听到阵阵笑声从青竹林中的熊猫馆传出来。 Laughter burst out from time to time from the Panda Hall, adorned with green bamboos. 好大的雨啊！ What a drenching rain!

英语常用被动句的原因： 一、施事从上下文中不言自明或未知而难以言明或需强调受事或不便指明。 She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。

Her only son was run over by a car. 她的独子被车轧了。 The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将被绞死。 Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在此讲了不该讲的话。

二、为了使句子前后连贯或保持平衡。 Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres” and these fibres can be made into cloth. 有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可用来织布。 I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。

三、出于修辞考虑，避免句型单调。 四、文体的需要。

四、具体与抽象 The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration (= It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified) 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。

No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. （＝Every year shows again how true it is that…）行政管理工作已变得越来越困难了，每年都证明确实如此。

The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. （＝No news is good news）没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。

英语的词义虚化手段。 1. 用虚化词缀构词：前缀： pan- 泛 inter- 相互 micro- 微 pro- 先 trans- 跨 contra- 相反 intra- 内 multi- 多 ultra-超后缀： -ness、-ity表性质、状态、程度 -tion表动作状态、结果 -ism表主义、学说、信仰

2. 用介词表达较虚泛的意义。 If any mischief was going forward, Peter was sure to be in at it. 只要有什么恶作剧，总少不了彼得的份。 I understand he’s in for a job in the company. 我知道他在申请公司的一个职位。 If there’s any profit to be got out of the deal. I’m going to be in on it. 如果这次买卖可以赚到钱，我打算凑一份。 Bob has it in for George because George told the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam. 因为乔治向老师报告鲍勃考试作弊，鲍勃就对乔治怀恨在心。

汉语采用如下手段来表达英语的抽象词义。 1. 用动词取代抽象名词。 He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。 These problems defy easy classification. 这些问题难以归类。

2. 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。 He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. 据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。 The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。

3. 用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。 The stars twinkled in transparent clarity. 星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。 In America, Wang computers have become a fixture in offices throughout the country. 在美国，王安公司的电子计算机已成为各地办公室的必备之物。

To help myself live without fault. IMade a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. The virtues are 1. Temperance 2. Self-control 3.Silence 4. Order 5. Firmness of mind 6. Savings 7. Industry 8. Honesty 9. Justice 10. Cleanliness 11. Calmness 12. Morality 13. Humbleness (Benjamin Franklin)

为了使自己在生活中不犯错误，特列出我 认为应该身体力行的13条守则。这些守则是： 1. 节制饮食 2. 自我克制 3. 沉默寡言 4. 有条不紊 5. 坚定信念 6. 勤俭节约 7. 工作勤奋 8. 忠诚老实 9. 办事公正 10.衣履整洁11.平心静气12.品行高尚 13.谦虚恭顺

第十一章 汉英语言心理的对比