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Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648. “The Religious War to End All Religious Wars”. Causes of the Thirty Years’ War. Calvinism spread into HRE Increasing mistrust between Catholics and Protestants Peace of Augsburg failed

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Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

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  1. Thirty Years’ War1618-1648 “The Religious War to End All Religious Wars”

  2. Causes of the Thirty Years’ War • Calvinism spread into HRE • Increasing mistrust between Catholics and Protestants • Peace of Augsburg failed • Catastrophic war resulted – HRE and several other European nations – most important war of the 17th century

  3. First Phase - Bohemian Phase • Habsburgs wanted to crush Bohemian Protestantism • Two Catholic HRE officials are thrown from palace window - “defenestration of Prague” • HRE forces invaded Bohemia and crushed revolt (1618-1625) • Forced conversion to Catholicism, ended Protestantism in Bohemia

  4. Second Phase – Danish Phase • Protestant Danes invade HRE to protect fellow Protestants • Many Catholic victories vs. Danish armies • Height of Catholic power during war (1625-1629) • Albrecht von Wallenstein – mercenary leader of Catholic forces • 1629 – Edict of Restitution – Emperor ordered all church territories seized since 1552 to be returned to Catholic Church – annulled in a few years

  5. Third Phase – Swedish Phase • Lutheran King GustavusAdolphus of Sweden entered war to rescue Protestants in HRE • Swedes won victories over Catholic armies (1630-1635) • Gustavus killed in battle in 1632; Sweden defeated in 1634, signed truce • Albrecht von Wallenstein assassinated in 1634

  6. Fourth Phase – International Phase • Bourbon France feared Catholic victory for HRE = German unity • Cardinal Richelieu (French prime minister) allied France with Protestant forces to fight Emperor • France declared war on Spain and HRE, began to bankroll war effort for others (1635-1648)

  7. International Phase • French, Dutch, Swedes, and mercenary armies invaded HRE • Invading armies looted and burned their way across HRE, destroying agriculture and trading centers • Neither side capable of winning a decisive victory • Peace agreement reached in 1648

  8. Results of Thirty Years’ War • Peace of Westphalia (1648): • Renewed Peace of Augsburg – added Calvinism to choices • Netherlands and Switzerland given their independence • Pope denied right to intervene in HRE affairs • 300+ German states and cities became independent – beginning of the end for HRE

  9. Results of Thirty Years’ War • France, Sweden, Brandenburg (Prussia) grew in territory and international stature • Spain and HRE weakened, loss of stature • Germany devastated – population decreased by 1/3 or more in certain areas • Ended the wars of religion – politics now more important • Began the rise of France as the dominant power of Europe

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