Global History—Tuesday Sept. 22, 2009 Chapter 22 (pg: 544-550 ) Topic :

1. Global History—Tuesday Sept. 22, 2009 Chapter 22 (pg: 544-550) Topic: Enlightenment; Scientific Revolution Aim Question: How did questioning accepted beliefs in the 1500’s change how we know the universe? Objective: Synthesize Cornell notes in Global History binder Understand key vocabulary Understand circumstances that led to revolution Know the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY Describe scientific method and it was used for progress Agenda: Attendance (5) Announcements—Books for home use (temporary), homework distribution, and no school next Monday (5) Finish class discussion; Anticipation Guide (10) Pass out first weekly homework (2) Binders/Cornell Note taking…Model, examples, & simulation (23) Motivation Question… [next slide] (5) Lecture on Scientific Revolution—NOTES (20) Graphic Organizer assignment [546—Rev. Modl. Of Univ.] (20)

2. Motivation Question Are there times when an idea is too dangerous to be openly discussed? - What are examples of these topics - Who might be upset with these topics

3. Brief History—Ideas from Dark Ages • In the Dark Ages (Medieval Times), scholars believed the earth was unmoving & the center of the universe • From the view on earth, it did appear that the sun did move around earth • This idea came from Aristotle & Ptolemy—400 years before Jesus • In addition, the Christian church agreed—”Earth is a special place created by God & is the center of everything.”

4. Why didn’t any challenge Aristotle, Ptolemy, & the Church? • During Dark Ages in Europe life was very, very tough (little food, little protection, a lot of disease) • No books to learn from…only the Bible. • Kings didn’t allow for public education…NO KNOWLEDGE.

5. A New Way of Thinking • In the mid-1500, some brave scholars challenged these old ideas • They wrote about new ways of understanding Earth; based on observation & experiment (Reason & Logic) • These people started the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

6. I have heard of REASON & LOGIC… But what do they mean? (From Dictionary.com) REASON: sound judgment; good sense based on facts & evidence LOGIC: science that investigates facts of any branch of knowledge

7. Using new learning techniques… Copernicus Brahe • Using lost but found knowledge scholars began to read & research • Applying Muslim science (physics & math) made newobservations • Challenged old ideas Galileo Kepler

8. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe GEOCENTRIC THEORY HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

9. Galileo & Conflict with Church • The Heliocentric Theory needed to be proven; for all people! • 1610, Galileo usedold knowledge about lenses and created a telescope • Using it, all people could witness, in truth, that the SUN was the center of Universe!!!

10. Open your book to page 546 Instructions: Read the sub-chapter entitled “A Revolutionary Model of the Universe”. As you read, fill in the appropriate information on your hand out. This is an independent activity—no talking!

11. 7.10 Scientific Revolution Scientists in the 1500s had new tools for studying the word. The answers they found marked the beginning of the “Scientific Revolution”

12. Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who spent 25 years tracking the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. He concluded that the sun, not Earth was the center of the universe.

13. Kepler Johannes Kepler, was a German astronomer that used mathematics to prove that the planets moved in predictable orbits. Kepler used math to show the Earth does revolve around the sun.

14. Galileo Galileo Galilei, was an Italian mathematician who discovered laws that describe the motion of objects on Earth. Contrary to the medieval view of the universe, Galileo showed that all heavenly objects did not revolve around the Earth. Church officials opposed Galileo’s work as contrary to official church teaching. Under threat of torture, the 70-year-old scientist denied his belief in a sun-centered universe.

15. Isaac Newton Isaac Newton, described the pull between objects mathematically in his law of gravity. This law states that the pull between two objects depends on two factors. One factor is the distance between the objects. The second is the amount of matter each object contains. Bigger objects have more pull than smaller ones. The law of gravity completed the revolution begun by Copernicus.

16. Bacon New approaches to developing knowledge; Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, championed the use of inductive reasoning in scientific investigations. A scientist guided by inductive reasoning uses observations and experiments to gather facts. Then, the scientist uses reason to reach a general conclusion based on these facts.

17. Descartes New approaches to developing knowledge Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, believed that to arrive at truth, it is necessary to doubt everything except ideas that were true beyond a doubt. From these basic truths, he argued, other things could be shown to be true using logic and reason. Descartes is famous for saying, “I think, therefore I am,” to prove his point.