Chapter Twenty-Five

1. Chapter Twenty-Five Swine

2. Swine Sus scrofa Used for cardiovascular studies, exercise physiology, nutrition, surgery, atherosclerosis, diabetes, & transplantation

3. Swine 2 types used in research: domestic & mini Domestic: Yorkshire & Duroc Miniature swine - Sinclair, Hanford, Pitman-Moore & Yucatan strains Chronic studies Studies on adult metabolism or physiology

4. Swine

5. Handling & Restraint V-trough & snare V-trough requires more than 2 attendants to perform a manipulation by turning animal upside down in a V-shaped trough.

6. Handling & Restraint Snare = a rope or metal noose around snout inducing pig to back up into a corner. If used improperly: causes bleeding of gums & damage to teeth. Developed for quick restraint & used 1 or 2x on same animal. Causes struggling and vocalization.

7. Swine Restraint

8. Handling & Restraint II Panepinto sling holds animal in a fleece-lined hammock. comfortable restraint & immobilizes for handling by 1 Venipuncture, oral dosing, eye examinations, hoof trimming & veterinary care can all be accomplished without use of tranquilizers.

9. Panepinto Sling

10. Handling & Restraint II Terris confinement stand - expanded metal panels that form a small pen-like enclosure w/out total immobilization door attached to each end for entry & exit following socialization & training

11. Physiological Data Body temperature: 38.3°-39.9°C (101°-103.8°F) Heart rate: 60-80 / min. Respiratory rate: 8-18 / min.

12. Physiological Data Weight: adult 100-300 kg, depending on breed; newborn 1.0-1.5 kg Water consumption: 1-4% of body weight / day Food consumption: 1-4% of body weight / day, depending on breed Life span: 6-9 years

13. Sexing & Breeding Boars identified by testes & penis, sows by vulva. Non castrated male pigs occasionally display aggressive behavior. Sow breeding season extends over whole year.

14. Sexing & Breeding Estrus: vaginal mucous discharge + swollen, congested, moist external genitalia & mounting behavior. Gilts: breed to farrow at 12 to 14 mo. > feed ad lib 7 - 10 days before breeding can increase ovulation rate and litter size Pregnancy if no estrus 21 days after mating.

15. Sexing & Breeding II Pen floor space of 2.1 x 2.4 meters for standard breeds & 1.2 x 1.5 meters for miniature swine Guardrails 15 - 20 cm above bedding & 15 to 20 cm from wall of pen prevent sow from smothering babies

16. Sexing & Breeding II Newborns susceptible to chilling - place heat source over pen to prevent hypothermia. Sexual maturity: 7-9 months Estrous cycle: 18-24 days Gestation: 112-115 days Litter size: 8-15 Weaning: 4-6 weeks of age

17. Swine Litters

18. Behavior Amenable to handling & human contact Basketballs, bowling balls & other toys for occupying pigs, especially if housed by itself Intelligent: prefer a clean environment If room, defecate in 1 corner & sleep in another.

19. Behavior Excited at feeding time & squeal or grunt until fed. May be necessary to separate aggressive individuals. Once dominance of 1 animal established, subsequent encounters consist of grunts or threatening postures.

20. Swine Behavior

21. Husbandry Portable shelters or open-front sheds, placed on concrete, provide dry, draft-free bedding area. Chain-link or panel type fencing Provide access to cool place. House on bedding or concrete. Water under high pressure for flushing pen

22. Husbandry Indoor facilities meet needs such as breeding, farrowing, young pigs & environmental control. Concrete, elevated, slatted or wire mesh floors Animals housed on concrete need their feet trimmed periodically. Mark with an ear tag or ear tattooing.

23. Swine Pens

24. Diet Omnivorous Eat more when they compete for available food. Provide water ad libitum, by automatic watering valves or bowl watering units. Use heavy, weighted watering pans. Swine tend to root & dump over lightweight pans or troughs.

25. Diet Feed less than 2% of body weight daily. Miniature swine fed as little as 1%. Obesity in pigs is extremely difficult to correct. Pigs maintained outdoors increase food quantities slightly; exercise more outdoors, resulting in an increased metabolic rate.

26. Chapter Twenty-Six Sheep/Goats

27. Sheep & Goats

28. Sheep & Goats Docile nature makes easy handling & housing requirements - from pastures to dog runs Hardy: few natural diseases Herd animals: keep them in groups Goats more aggressive than sheep; do not house them together: goats will harass sheep.

29. Sheep

30. Sheep Ruminant Vary in size, wool type & presence or absence of horns Rambouillet, Suffolk, Oxford, Hampshire, Shropshire & Dorset are common breeds in US. Used in reproduction & fetal development studies & cardiovascular research.

31. Sheep Handling & Restraint Sheep like to stay in group. Never grasp sheep by wool; this can cause pain & damage underlying tissue.

32. Sheep Handling & Restraint To catch: Work it into a corner, approach slowly, extending arms to form a visual barrier & block path, place 1 hand under lower jaw. Place other hand behind tail or hindquarters; Back up to wall or corner, hold against wall by pressing knee behind sheep’s shoulder

33. Sheep Handling & Restraint To catch: Hold by straddling with knees behind shoulders & both hands at head. Keep head high, to prevent breathing from being obstructed. Lift lambs & carry by placing 1 arm around hindquarters & other around front of chest.

34. Sheep Handling & Restraint Tipping - set sheep on its rump w/ back against handler’s legs Handler stands on left side w/ left hand under jaw and left thumb over its muzzle. Right hand rests on right hip. Simultaneously, head is turned back over its right shoulder, & rump is pushed downward. Handler backs up & sheep slides to ground. Forelegs grasped & lifted to straighten position. Step up for sheep’s back to rest against handler’s legs. Control struggling, stepping back to put off balance.

35. (Images) Restraining a Sheep

36. Sheep Physiological Data  Body temperature: 38.3°-39.9°C (101°-103.8°F)  Heart rate: 60-80 / min.  Respiratory rate: 18-20 / min.

37. Sheep Physiological Data Weight: adult 50-150 kg, depending on breed; newborn 4-5 kg  Water consumption: 1-3 L / day  Food consumption: 1-2 kg / day  Life span: 8-13 years

38. Sheep Sexing & Breeding Male sheep: ram; female: ewe. Seasonally polyestrous, cycling in fall Udder becomes full & distended near parturition. Water bag protrudes & breaks as labor begin. Lamb presents forelegs first, its head lying on the forelegs. 30 - 45 min., twins born ~ 10 - 20 min. apart

39. Sheep Sexing & Breeding Sexual maturity: 5-7 mo. Estrous cycle: 16-17 days (fall and winter only) Gestation: 144-151 days Litter size: 1-3 born in spring Weaning: 8-12 wks

40. Sheep Behavior Herd animals, follow a leader Timid, non aggressive, few defensive behaviors Spend much time grazing & ruminating, while quietly standing or lying down. Change in activity: symptom of disease.

41. Sheep Husbandry Housing depends on age & condition of animals, research objectives & available facilities. Outdoors - require minimal accommodations. Provide ventilation and shade as sheep suffer more from extreme heat than cold.

42. Sheep Husbandry Indoors - on concrete w/ bedding or slatted / wire mesh floors. Water in buckets or automatic watering Water & feed out of pen: prevent fouling. Shorn 1x/ yr, late winter or early spring. Trim uneven hoof growth - Trim about every 3 mos.

43. Sheep Diet Ruminant regurgitates rumen into mouth, re-chews & swallows it. Ruminants utilize fibrous foods that cannot be digested by non-ruminants. To maintain proper rumen function, provide large amounts of fiber & roughage.

44. Sheep Diet Prefer short grasses for forage. Commercial pelleted feed - Feed as sole diet or supplement with hay or hay cubes. Have salt or mineral block for sheep available. Give a fixed amount of feed at regular times. Change ration gradually.

45. Goats Ruminants Domestic breeds vary in size, hair coat type, coloring, head profile, ear formation & presence or absence of horns.

46. Goats Popular breeds in US are Toggenberg, Saanen, Nubian & French Alpine - dairy breeds. Used in studies of placental & fetal surgery, orthopedic procedures & antibody production.

47. Goats

48. Goat Handling & Restraint Restrain by chin hold & back into corner same as sheep. Not strong enough to escape from collars, neck chains or halters. Grasp horns for restraint near base to prevent breaking.

49. Goat Handling & Restraint Laboratory goats should be hornless types or dehorned. Carry small goat same manner as lamb. Caution: mature male can be unpredictable, especially during breeding season.

50. Goat Physiological Data  Body temperature: 38.5°-39.7°C (101.3°–103.5°F)  Heart rate: 60-80 / min.  Respiratory rate: 18-20 / min.

51. Goat Physiological Data  Weight: adult 50-150 kg, depending on breed  Water consumption: 1.5-4 liters / day  Food consumption: 1-4% of body weight / day  Life span: 8-13 years

52. Goat Sexing & Breeding Does in estrus are restless, twitch their tails, & almost constantly bleat. vulva swollen & red, may be slight discharge Male has scent glands - dark, thick, shiny skin located posterior & medial to horns or horn buds. Wattles = nonfunctional pendants of skin that hang on either side of neck.

53. Goat Sexing & Breeding Sexual maturity: 4-5 mo. Estrous cycle: 18-22 days Gestation: 144-151 days Litter size: 2 Weaning: 12-16 wks

54. Goat Behavior Active, inquisitive Tend to be more destructive than sheep. Agile & adept at jumping & climbing. Become tame & social when handled often. Not aggressive or hard to handle, except mature bucks.

55. Goat Behavior Recommended only females or castrated males be used in research laboratories. Quietly ruminate many hours / day, either standing or sternal recumbence. Changes in their habitual behavior may be evidence of disease.

56. Goat Husbandry Housing and husbandry identical to sheep. Fence for should be > 1.2 meters high.

57. Diet Browsers rather than grazers. Digestive system is similar to sheep, & able to use same types of feeds, including pelleted feed. Less likely to overeat but, may become seriously ill & die if they overeat. May refuse to consume stale, dusty, or dirty food, water or hay offered on floor & show a preference to feed offered on raised feeders.

58. Goat Pens