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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Photosynthesis. 8-1 Energy and Life. -make food using sunlight. II. Heterotrophs. I. Autotrophs. - obtains energy from food they consume. III. Energy is the “currency” of the cell. A. ATP. 1. A denosine T ri p hosphate.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis

  2. 8-1 Energy and Life -make food using sunlight II. Heterotrophs I. Autotrophs - obtains energy from food they consume III. Energy is the “currency” of the cell A. ATP 1. Adenosine Triphosphate 2. Chemical compound cells use to store energy 3. PARTS: a. Adenine b. 3 phosphate groups c. Ribose (5 carbon sugar)

  3. 4. Analogy  Fully charged battery 8-1 Continued 1. Adenosine Diphosphate 2. Has 2 phosphate groups B. ADP 3. Chemical compound that can be converted to ATP to store energy 4. HOW? a. Bond 1 more phosphate group b. Energy is in the bond between phosphate groups 5. Analogy: Half charged battery

  4. C. Releasing Energy 2. ATP  ADP + P + Energy 1. Break bond of second and third phosphate group and energy is released 3. ATP is the preferred energy source to power the cell activities 2 Phosphate groups ADP

  5. D. ATP and Glucose 1. Glucose stores 90X more energy than 1 ATP molecule 2. Cells use ATP for quick energy not long term energy 3. Cells only store enough ATP for a few seconds of activity

  6. 8-2 Photosynthesis IV. Photosynthesis A. Process in which chloroplast convert light energy from CO2 and H2O into O2 and high energy carbohydrates (glucose) B. Photosynthesis Equation light 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

  7. C. Light and Pigments a. green pigment in chloroplast that absorbs wavelengths of light b. 2 types: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b 1. Chlorophyll 1. Absorb most wavelengths of light except green (why plants are green) c. In the fall, trees reabsorb chlorophyll and the other pigments are visible

  8. 8-3 Reactions of Photosynthesis A. Thylakoids = saclike membranes that contain chlorophyll to capture light V. Takes place inside the Chloroplast Stroma 1. granum = stacks of thylakiods B. Stroma = fluid filled space around thylakoids Single thylakoid Granum C. Two types of reactions 1. Light Dependent Chloroplast 2. Light Independent / Calvin Cycle / Dark Reaction

  9. p208 PHOTOSYNTHESIS H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Sugars O2

  10. A. NADP+ = transport electrons (aka: Taxi) VI. Electron Carriers = Energy Carriers B. H+ = high energy electrons (aka: passengers) C. NADP+ picks up H+ and brings them elsewhere and drops them off D. NADPH drops off H+ for electron transfer at proteins that starts chemical reactions

  11. VII. Light Dependent Reaction B. Takes place in thylakoids A. Requires light to take place C. Uses light to split water for H; releases O2 gas and makes high energy electrons & ATP D. Light strikes thylakoid; electrons excited; go to the ETC form NADPH and ATP, respectively. E. Lost electrons are replaced by Hydrolysis (aka photolysis (splitting of water)

  12. VIII. Calvin Cycle/Light Independent/ Dark Reactions A. Does not need light to take place B. Takes place in stroma C. Powered by NADPH and ATP and uses 6CO2 molecules to produce high energy sugar (glucose) D. Six turns of the Calvin Cycle makes 1 glucose molecule

  13. IX. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis • Water shortage 1. slow/stop photosynthesis B. Temperature 1. enzymes cause photosynthesis to speed up 2. too hot = slow/ stop photosynthesis. C. Light Intensity 1. increase light = speeds up photosynthesis 2. decrease light = slows down photosynthesis

  14. Chapter 9Cellular Respiration

  15. 9-1 Chemical Pathways I. Cellular Respiration: A. Process by which mitochondria breaks down glucose to make ATP B. Cellular Respiration Equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon Dioxide + Water

  16. p222 Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic Acid Glycolysis Glucose Cytoplasm Mitochondria

  17. C. Three Stages: 1. Glycolysis: a. anaerobic process = NO Oxygen is required b. Occurs in Cytoplasm c. Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and produces 2 net ATP molecules 1) Produces 4 ATP but uses 2 ATP’s to start glycolysis d. Pyruvic Acid moves into the mitochondria 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ATP 4 ADP 2 Pyruvic acid

  18. 2. Krebs Cycle (aka. Citric Acid Cycle) Requires Oxygen b. Produces 2 ATP a. Aerobic Respiration = c. Releases CO2, NADH, and FADH2 d. NAD+ and FAD are “taxis”, take electrons to the ETC 3. Electron Transport Chain Requires Oxygen a. Aerobic Respiration = b. Oxygen is the Final Electron Acceptor c. Produces 32 ATP molecules

  19. D. ATP Produced: 4 1. from Glycolysis (2 are used to start therefore only 2 net) 2 2. from Krebs Cycle 32 3. from ETC 38 36 4. Total of ATP molecules or net ATP

  20. II. In the absence of Oxygen: Fermentation 1. Follows glycolysis= 2ATP 2. TWO TYPES: A. Anaerobic Respiration: (does NOT require O2) a. Lactic Acid Fermentation 1) In animals 2) Pyruvic Acid used NADH to make 2 molecules of Lactic Acid pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ 3) Lactic acid build up in muscles results in muscle fatigue b. Alcoholic Fermentation: 1) Used by yeast cells pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

  21. III. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration A. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

  22. B. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration 1. Food break down 1. Food Made 2. Carbon Dioxide In 2. Carbon Dioxide Out 3. Oxygen Out 3. Oxygen In 4. Breaks down Glucose 4. Makes Glucose 5. Day and Night 5. Happens in Light 6. All living cells 6. Only with chlorophyll 7. Takes place in Chloroplast 7. Takes place in mitochondria

  23. 8-1 Organisms that make their own food are called A. autotrophs. B. heterotrophs. C. decomposers. D. consumers.

  24. 8-1 Most autotrophs obtain their energy from A. chemicals in the environment. B. sunlight. C. carbon dioxide in the air. D. other producers.

  25. 8-1 How is energy released from ATP? A. A phosphate is added. B. An adenine is added. C. A phosphate is removed. D. A ribose is removed.

  26. 8-1 How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP? A. Cells do not require ATP for energy. B. ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P. C. Cells use very small amounts of energy. D. ATP stores large amounts of energy.

  27. 8-1 Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores A. much more energy. B. much less energy. C. about the same amount of energy. D. more energy sometimes and less at others.

  28. 8-2 The raw materials required for plants to carry out photosynthesis are A. carbon dioxide and oxygen. B. oxygen and sugars. C. carbon dioxide and water. D. oxygen and water.

  29. 8-2 The principal pigment in plants is A. chloroplast. B. chlorophyll. C. carotene. D. carbohydrate.

  30. 8-2 The colors of light that are absorbed by chlorophylls are A. green and yellow. B. green, blue, and violet. C. blue, violet, and red. D. red and yellow.

  31. 8-3 In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside the a. thylakoids. b. chloroplasts. c. photosystems. d. chlorophyll.

  32. 8-3 Energy to make ATP in the chloroplast comes most directly from a. hydrogen ions flowing through an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane. b. transfer of a phosphate from ADP. c. electrons moving through the electron transport chain. d. electrons transferred directly from NADPH.

  33. 8-3 NADPH is produced in light-dependent reactions and carries energy in the form of a. ATP. b. high-energy electrons. c. low-energy electrons. d. ADP

  34. 8-3 What is another name for the Calvin cycle? a. light-dependent reactions b. light-independent reactions c. electron transport chain d. photosynthesis

  35. 8-3 Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect photosynthesis? a. wind b. water supply c. temperature d. light intensity

  36. 9-1 The raw materials required for cellular respiration are a. carbon dioxide and oxygen. b. glucose and water. c. glucose and oxygen. d. carbon dioxide and water.

  37. 9-1 Glycolysis occurs in the a. mitochondria. b. cytoplasm. c. nucleus. d. chloroplasts.

  38. 9-1 The net gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is a. 3 ATP molecules. b. 2 ATP molecules. c. 3 pyruvic acid molecules. d. 4 pyruvic acid molecules

  39. 9-1 Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of a. oxygen. b. glucose. c. NADH. d. alcohol.

  40. 9-1 The first step in fermentation is always a. lactic acid production. b. the Krebs cycle. c. glycolysis. d. alcohol production.

  41. 9-2 The Krebs cycle breaks pyruvic acid down into a. oxygen. b. NADH. c. carbon dioxide. d. alcohol.

  42. 9-2 What role does the Krebs cycle play in the cell? a. It breaks down glucose and releases its stored energy. b. It releases energy from molecules formed during glycolysis. c. It combines carbon dioxide and water into high-energy molecules. d. It breaks down ATP and NADH, releasing stored energy.

  43. 9-2 In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the a. cell membrane. b. inner mitochondrial membrane. c. cytoplasm. d. outer mitochondrial membrane.

  44. 9-2 To generate energy over long periods, the body must use a. stored ATP. b. lactic acid fermentation. c. cellular respiration. d. glycolysis.

  45. 9-2 Which statement correctly describes photosynthesis and cellular respiration? a. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy. b. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use the same raw materials. c. Cellular respiration releases energy, while photosynthesis stores energy. d. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis produce the same products.

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