Continuity and Innovation of States Forms and Their Interactions

1. Continuity and Innovation of States Forms and Their Interactions Key Concept 3.2

2. Outline • Empires collapsed and were reconstituted. • Byzantine Empire • Chinese Dynasties • Sui • Tang • Song • New forms of governance emerged. • Islamic Caliphates • Umayyad • Abbasid • Iberian • Mongol Khanates • Feudalism • Europe and Japan • African Muslim and Christian city-states • Sudanate and Ethiopia • Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions. • Sinification in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. • Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. • Abbasids • The Crusades

3. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted. • The Roman Empire-476 CE • The Christian Church and the role of the pope • Cardinals, archbishops, education, and missionary work • Feudalism emerged • “lords”, “serfs”, and knights • Change came around 700 CE • Charles Martel and Charlemagne (Carolingian Empire) • United France, Germany, and northern Italy into a “New Roman Empire” • Power struggle between church and empire

4. The Byzantine Empire • Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire • Justinian (527-565) • Justinian’s Code • Located on Mediterranean Sea aided in successful trade • Constantinople • 1054, the split between the Pope and the Patriarch created the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church • In constant conflict with Muslim caliphates

5. Chinese Dynasties of the Post-Classical Period • Commonalities between the empires: • Combined traditional sources of power and new methods of rule • Ex: The Tangs kept a patriarchal society but created a new census method for tax rates.

7. New forms of governance emerged. • Islam— “submission” to God’s will • Arabs lived in tribal, separate groups and practiced an animist type of religion • Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca • At the age of 40, the angel Gabriel appeared to him • Allah • Fled to Medina in 622—the hegira • Abrahamic faith • 630—return to Mecca • The Quran

9. Beliefs of Islam • Shahadah • Salat • Sawm • Zakat • Hajj

10. The Islamic Caliphates • The concept of jihad • Spread of Islam • After Muhammed’s death, Shia believed the leader should be a descendent. Sunni believed it should be the wisest man in the strongest tribe. • Deaths made the decision for them. • The first caliph was Abu Bakr.

12. The Islamic Caliphates

14. The Turks • Pastoral nomadic group from central Asian steppes • Seljuk Turks invaded Abassid territory and captured Baghdad in 1055 • Defeated the Byzantines by 1071 • Afghan Turks • Delhi sultanates • Cultural syncretism with Islam and Hindu • Small percent of population • Stopped Mongols from spreading further into South Asia

15. The Mongol Khanates • Also a pastoral nomadic group from the Asian steppes. • Genghis (Chinggis) Khan united the clan-based tribes and invaded China in the thirteenth century. • “Submit and live. Resist and die.” • Invaded Central Asia, Tibet, Northern China, and Persia. • Beijing fell in 1215. • Genghis Khan died in 1227 and his empire was split between his four sons. • Kublai Khan (grandson) create the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1279. • Chinese-style • fixed- and regular tax system and strong central government • Employed foreigners and no civil service exam • Encouraged and protected trade

16. The mongol Khanates • Hulegu Khan (grandson) defeated the Abassids in 1258. • Created the Ilkhanate. • Employed local bureaucrats and converted to Islam. • Facilitated trade. • Defeated by the Mamluks in 1260. • Batu was a Mongol ruler in Russia. • Kept local rulers intact. • Taxed peasants and supported trade.

17. Pax Mongolia and the decline • In 1274 and 1281 the Mongols were unsuccessful in their invasion of Japan. • Monsoon winds (kamikaze) destroyed their fleets. • Mongol rule lasted three or four generations. • Good conquerors, bad administrators. • By 1350, most of their empire had been conquered. • This time period called the Mongol Peace. • Mongols united two continents and allowed for relatively safe trade and contacts for almost a century. • The Silk Roads reached its greatest height during this time. • Common for Mongols to tolerate religions and cultures of conquered peoples. • Historians debate the price of this peace.

18. Wait for it….The Mongols!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=17 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etmRI2_9Q_A&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

19. Feudalism • Japan • 600s, Yamato clan took over and called themselves emperors • The Fujiwara clan dominated from 710-785 • Modeled their capital, Nara, on Chang’an in China. • Kamakura Shogunate kept capital in Kyoto • Developed form of feudalism • Shogun • Daimyo • Samurai

20. Feudalism • Europe • Feudal system emerged during the Carolingian Empire • Land given to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty • Lords ran large farms, called manors, with serfs working the land • Often these manors were walled estates • Over time, ‘winners’ started to emerge

21. African Muslim & Christian City-States • Christian City-States • Egypt and Ethiopia • Eventually Christians became minorities. • Coptic Christians in Egypt • King Lalibela had Christian churches carved out of rock • Exported coffee to Islamic world • Muslim City-States (southwest of the Sahara) • Ghana • Increase in trade • 900s converted to Islam • Absorbed into Mali • Mali • Controlled trade • Sundiata • Timbuktu • Mansa Musa

22. Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions. Sinification is the term used for the spread of Chinese culture.

23. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers. • Effects of the Crusades: • Small territories gained by Europeans. Jerusalem jointly occupied. • Culturally beneficial. • Rediscovery of Roman and Greek literature. • Science, math, and philosophy began a revival called the Renaissance. • Started Europe on a path toward global hegemony in the nineteenth century. • Economically beneficial. • Increase in demand for goods from the West. • Finding alternate and cheaper ways of transport. (Christopher Columbus) • The Black Death. • The Crusades • Series of Muslim-Christian clashes over control of Southwest Asia. Started in the late 11th century and lasted about 200 years. • In 1095 Pope Urban II called for Christian knights to take up arms seize the Holy Land. • Attempting to recapture Palestine, which was in Islamic hands. • The Byzantines sent trained and untrained forces from western Europe to retake land lost to the Seljuk Turks. • Ultimately there were four crusades. The fourth never reached the Holy Land, but did topple the Byzantines and hold the city for 50 years. • Trade was the greatest economic cause.

24. The Crusades • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvnU0v6hcUo&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9