Announcement

1. Announcement • Mid term marks for HIS 2100 will be available by Friday.

2. The one who does the work is the one who does the learning Student Note Taking Responsibilities include, looking at this new information and like you would do with a puzzle, sort out how this story fits into the stories of other cultures and societies that came before, existed at the same period of time and were in conflict or at peace with the Romans. Suggestions include, Names (characters and players) defined. Print your maps to a full page. Define the crises What was going on elsewhere in the world at this time.

5. The History that led to Rome 8th Century BCE –Peasant communities existed on some of the Hills around Rome. Geography: North – Etruscan cities South – Greek cities. The Etruscans and Greeks were more advanced, but were absorbed (taken over) by the Romans. Question: How could more advanced cultures be absorbed or taken over by a less advanced culture/civilization?

6. Etruscans 8th Century BCE Scholars believe the Etruscans came from Asia Minor and settled in northern Italy. Map. What were some of the advances that the Romans are known for? The Romans learned many things from the Etruscans. Architectural styles Road construction Sanitation Hydraulic engineering (including underground conduits) Metallurgy Ceramics Portrait sculpture Roman religion absorbed Etruscan Gods Question. Do you think that there were any diplomats who brought to the attention of the general population the Hebrew concept of a monotheistic God? If so, when? Explain what you think the people of southern Europe on the coast of the Mediterranean, might have said?

7. Demise of Etruscans The Etruscans expanded their territory during the 7th and 6th Century BCE and controlled the monarchy in Rome but were defeated by the Celts, Greeks and Romans and by the 3rd Century they no longer had any political power in Italy. In 509 BCE the landowning aristocrats overthrew the Etruscan King and changed the governing structure from a monarchy to a republic. Aristocrats = Patricians Commoner = Plebian Republic = a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them.

8. Two Roman Periods • The Roman Republic • The Roman Empire

9. The Roman Republic Roman Republic began in 509 BCE with the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy. The Republic was a constitutional system based on civic need rather than religious mystery (5th and 4th Century BCE) The STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS occurred soon after the Republic was established and was considered to have lasted until 287 BCE, approximately for 220 years.

10. Class Distinctionsearly in the Republic Plebeians: Common people Patricians: Wealthy and privileged people

11. Early 5th Century In the early 5th Century: Patricians controlled the Senate and Centuriate Assembly owned most of the land controlled the army served as judges initiated most of the law in the assembly and senate Constitution = a legal document that that describes how a government is to make the laws that govern the people.

12. Senate and Assembly in the Republic Early in the Republic, members of the Senate and Assembly (Consuls) came from the nobility. Centuriate Assembly Members were elected by popular vote Elected the consuls and magistrates Made laws but needed senate approval to pass them. The Senate The senate advised the assembly but did not enact laws Controlled public finances (the money) Controlled foreign policy and military Senators were either appointed for life terms by consuls (their peers) or were retired magistrates

14. Plebeians complained about the following • jail was a penalty for unpaid debt (money) • discrimination in the courts • were not allowed to marry patricians • Lack of political representation • No written code of laws The plebeians protested and demanded political, legal and social equality.

15. Resolving their differences, the STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS (Plebeians and Patricians)lasted from approximately 509 to 287 BCE Take a few minutes and talk to your neighbor, in class, about how the two groups (Plebeians and Patricians) were able to resolve their differences. Questions. Why did the conflict not result in an all out civil war? Why did the Patricians concede some privileges and rights to some of the Plebeians?

16. Some Answers: The Plebeians threatened to secede from Rome (not pay taxes, not work, not serve in the army). Rome was at war with other Mediterranean states and could not survive without the support of the Plebeians. The Patricians slowly gave Plebeians some freedoms, rights and privileges to avoid being conquered by other Mediterranean states.

17. The Plebeian Assembly(Later called the Tribal Assembly) This assembly, • Elected Tribunes (officials to protect Plebeian rights) . • Pressured the Patricians to enact laws to protect Plebeians from unfair treatment by Patrician officials. Later gains included …

18. Over time, the Romans created a constitution which separated religion from law. The law came to be seen as an expression of the public will and not as a creation of god-kings.

19. The internal conflict passes United internally, they took the best of what they observed from the Greeks. They did some of the following: Developed a superior military by being more disciplined and using organized battle formations. The enemy still fought in disorganized hordes.

20. Willingly made sacrifices in battle that some opponents would not make United a moral and religious devotion to their city strong enough to overcome social conflict, factional disputes and personal ambition Believed that glory in battle was the best way to win respect for family and self and to be successful in politics

21. Like happened in Greece, more people now had a say in political and legal development of their community. Early in the Republic, religion governed the people and dictated the law and legitimized the rule of the aristocracy (patricians), who saw their role as important in keeping the sacred traditions strong.

22. Roman Expansion – Uniting of Italy in 287 BCE, 35 years after the death of Alexander the Great, in the struggle of the orders ended. There remained unhappiness with the division of power, but enough Plebians had been included into the halls of power to keep the rest of them quite. Enough internal compromises had now been made that Rome had the resources to focus on more external objectives and put an end to some foreign threats.

23. Rome was able to become larger than the city-states of Greece by unifying the different nations of the Mediterranean world. How did they unify the nations of the Mediterranean world? Foreigners were granted citizenship Hellenistic (Greek) philosophers had thought about a world community. Roman leadership thought about it and acted upon it, unlike the Greek leadership. Roman genius was expressed in law and government. The Romans were practical whereas the Greeks were theoretical .

24. Factors in Roman success include… at times, plundering, enslaving and brutalizing at other times, generous treatment included allowing some self governance to continue but never including foreign affairs including the armies of the new Subject States in battles and victories partial or full citizenship. These strategies were successful in winning over the leadership of the conquered nations into allies. In contrast, the Greeks never even imagined making citizens out of foreigners.

25. The Roman Empire Roman Empire began in 27 BCE when Octavian (Augustus) became the first Roman emperor, ending almost 500 years of republican self-government. This was the beginning of dictatorships. Question. What is considered to be the Greatest accomplishment of the early Romans? Answer: going beyond the smallness of the city-state of Greece, Rome extended their laws and sometimes citizenship to different nationalities.

26. PaxRomana = Caesar = Dictatorship 27 BCE PaxRomana Begins with the Empire • Octavian takes the title Augustus and becomes the first Roman Emperor. • Marcus Aurelius. 180 ACE PaxRomana ends

27. Definition: PaxRomana Translated from Latin, means Roman peace. Between the years 27 BCE (BC) and 180 ACE (AD) Question. Even though there was less military violence, do you think the peace was one that you would be happy to live in? There was less expansion and violent conflict than occurred later in the 1st and 2nd centuries.

28. Rome under Augustus

31. Conquest of the Mediterranean Review: Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE Struggle of Orders between Patricians and Plebians ended approximately 35 years later By 146 BCE, Rome had defeated the 4 other powerful states in the Mediterranean.

32. Class Work Assignment Commoners (plebeians) complained about the following jail was a penalty for unpaid debt (money) discrimination in the courts were not allowed to marry patricians Lack of political representation No written code of laws The plebeians protested and demanded political, legal and social equality. Question. If you were a commoner (plebeian), would you have a problem with this system? Explain in detail, your complaints with this system. Turn in your assignment before leaving class today. Bonus points will not be awarded for a simple summary of the textbook answer, but will be awarded if you provide a thoughtful explanation.