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Ch 29 The Solar System

Ch 29 The Solar System. Geocentric Model. Over 2000 years ago: The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, proposed 55 concentric circles to which celestial objects were attached, and which rotated at different velocities.

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Ch 29 The Solar System

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  1. Ch 29 The Solar System Geocentric Model Over 2000 years ago: The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, proposed 55 concentric circles to which celestial objects were attached, and which rotated at different velocities. Aristotle could not explain the retrograde motion... FF 500 years

  2. Ptolemy model - epicycles Proposed model: each planet has 2 motions; revolution around the earth, & a series of small circles called epicycles Epicycles http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/aristotle.html

  3. Heliocentric Model Sun-centered model Copernicus (1473-1543) Over 450 years ago • All planets circle the sun, but at • different speeds. • Distances from the sun has direct • relationship to the size of orbit. • He is credited for the start of the Scientific Revolution.

  4. Galileo Galilei 1564 - 1642 • Made telescopes • Challenged Aristotle’s view of motion • Supporter of Copernicus’s Heliocentric theory • Convicted of heresy and placed under house arrest • Observed moons orbiting Jupiter and theorized objects can revolve around other planets not just Earth • Discovered sunspots

  5. Solar System precisely measured • Tycho Brahe- studied Solar System and made very accurate recordings of his observations • Tycho’s assistant, Johannes Kepler, used information for the details of orbits

  6. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 1st Law - Law of Ellipses 1. Each planet orbits the sun in a path called an ellipse or elongated circle 2. Ellipse is a closed curve whose path is determined by 2 points or foci within the ellipse 3. Focus 1 is the Sun and Focus 2 is an imaginary point Semi-major axis = average distance from sun (AU); ½ major axis

  7. 2nd Law – Law of Equal Areas • An imaginary line between the Sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse.

  8. 3rd Law – Law of Periods • Mathematical relationship P2 = r3 • r = semi-major axis (planets average distance from Sun measured in AU’s) • p = planet’s orbital period(time) Every planet has the same ratio!

  9. Isaac Newton • Used Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion and published Principia. Considered to be the greatest piece of scientific literature ever written. • Contains Newton’s laws of motion including universal gravitation. • 1st law: An object will stay in its present state of motion unless acted upon by a net force (Law of Inertia) • 2nd law: F = ma • 3rd law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

  10. Einstein (1879-1955) • Changed Newton’s gravitational theory based on findings of Mercury’s orbit. • Developed Theory of Relativity. Completely changed the way we study gravity and even changed our understanding of the universe.

  11. Kepler’s Laws Simulations • Click http://www.physics.sjsu.edu/tomley/kepler.html Bibliography • http://www.astro.umass.edu/~myun/teaching/a100/images/geocentric.jpg • http://www.physics.hku.hk/~nature/CD/regular_e/lectures/images/chap04/heliocentric.jpg • http://www.3villagecsd.k12.ny.us/wmhs/Departments/Math/OBrien/galileo5.jpg • http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/brahe.html • http://www.asu.cas.cz/~had/tycho.jpg • http://cseligman.com/text/history/ellipse2.jpg • http://www.windows.ucar.edu/the_universe/uts/kepler3_small.gif • http://library.thinkquest.org/27585/frameset_intro.html • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/imgrel/merc.gif • http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Orbits/eccentricity.gif • http://www.physics.hku.hk/~nature/CD/regular_e/lectures/images/chap04/geocentric.jpg • http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/cosmicengine/images/cosmoimg/keplerellipse.gif

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