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APA Style

Gavilan College Writing Center. APA Style. In-Text Citations and Reference Lists. Presentation Overview. Introductions APA: What and why? Crediting Sources: What and why? Formatting In-Text Citations Formatting Reference Lists Resources. APA—What and why?.

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APA Style

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  1. Gavilan College Writing Center APA Style In-Text Citations and Reference Lists

  2. Presentation Overview • Introductions • APA: What and why? • Crediting Sources: What and why? • Formatting In-Text Citations • Formatting Reference Lists • Resources

  3. APA—What and why? Different professional communities use different style guides, that include rules for crediting sources, organization, style, and formatting. • Ask your instructor which style guide you should use.

  4. Giving Credit: Why, What, and When Crediting Sources gives an author or resource credit for original information.

  5. Crediting Sources Crediting Sources includes two parts: • In-Text Citations: These are “in-text”, meaning in body of your paper. When you present information, you briefly identify its source. • Reference List: On a separate page at the end of your paper, you write a detailed list of the sources cited in your paper. The in-text citations and reference list should credit the exact same sources.

  6. In-Text Citations

  7. Purpose of In-Text Citations • To acknowledge the source of the information right where it is written • To allow the reader to look up the full reference at the end of the paper

  8. In-Text Citation Format • An in-text citation usually includes the following information: • Author’s last name (no first name or initial) • Publication date (year only—even for electronic sources) • Page number (required for quotations; optional for paraphrases) • The rest of the information about the source appears in the reference list.

  9. In-Text Citations with Paraphrases 1. Author’s name and publication year at end of sentence • People with bipolar disorder often have lower wages, higher unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower levels of educational attainment, higher arrest rates, and hospitalization (Leahy, 2007). 2. Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year • According to Leahy (2007), people with bipolar disorder often have lower wages, higher unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower levels of educational attainment, higher arrest rates, and hospitalization.

  10. In-Text Citations with Quotations (under 40 words) 1. Author’s name, year, and page number immediately following quotation • Genres are “abstract, socially recognized ways of using language” (Hyland, 2003, p. 21). 2. Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year Page number immediately following quotation • According to Hyland (2003), genres are “abstract, socially recognized ways of using language” (p. 21).

  11. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices.” • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories. • Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

  12. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005). • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices.” • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories. • Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

  13. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005). • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8). • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories. • Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

  14. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005). • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8). • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories. • Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

  15. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005). • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8). • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories. • Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.

  16. Let’s Practice! Author’s last name: Gee Year of publication: 2005 Page number: 8 • Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005). • Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8). • The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories. • Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social. • Gee’s (2005) theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (p. 8)lends support for social learning theories.

  17. In-Text Citations: Variations in Author

  18. In-Text Citations: Other Variations

  19. In-Text Citations: Secondary Sources • Often sources cite other sources that interest you. • If you can, locate the original material and cite the original source. You can look up the reference information in the reference list of the source you are reading. • If you cannot easily access the original source, use: • Author’s name of original source in your sentence • The source you read in parentheses • Only the source you read in your reference list

  20. In-Text Citations: Secondary Source Example In Ferris and Hedgcock (2005) you read: • That is, not all writers need to execute direct planning strategies by writing ideas, plans, or outlines on paper or on a computer screen (Matsuda, 2003). In your paper you write: • According to Matsuda, not all students use written plans in preparation for writing (as cited in Ferris & Hedgcock, 2005, p. 259). • In your reference list you include an entry for Ferris & Hedgcock (not Matsuda).

  21. References

  22. The Purpose of a Reference List • To show where you found the information you used • To give others a reliable way of finding the same sources you used

  23. Reference List Format • Starts on a new page • Title: References • Centered • No other changes to type • ½ inch hanging indent • Double spaced • Alphabetized by author last name

  24. Alphabetical Order

  25. Four Parts of a Reference Entry • A reference entry generally includes the following four elements in this order: • Author’s name • Date of publication • Title of the work • Publication information

  26. 1. Author’s Name

  27. 2. Publication Date

  28. 3. Title of Work

  29. 4. Publication Information

  30. Reference Entry Examples • Book • Website • Newspaper Article—print and online • Journal Article—print and online

  31. Book Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

  32. Website • Author, A. A. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of document. Retrieved from http://Web address of home page

  33. Newspaper Article: Print • Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, pp. x, x.

  34. Newspaper Article: Online • Author, A. A. (Publication Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://Web address of newspaper homepage

  35. Journal Article: Print Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), x-xx.

  36. Journal Article: Online • Do not include database retrieval date or other database information • Most online journals are identified with a DOI (digital object identifier) instead of a URL • Before the DOI write: http://dx.doi.org/ • The DOI can be found on the database retrieval page or on the first page of the electronic article

  37. Journal Article: Online Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), x-xx. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxx

  38. Journal Article: Online without DOI • If DOI is not available, include journal homepage URL

  39. Let’s Practice • You find an article by searching on EBSCO Host and this is the page that comes up…

  40. Let’s Practice • Your reference entry should look like this: • Bickel, W. K. (2012). The emerging new science of psychopathology. Addiction, 107(10), 1738-1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03968.x

  41. Resources: APA Manual (6th Edition)

  42. Rules of Thumb A Writer’s Reference Purdue OWL GavilanCollege Writing Center Gavilan Library

  43. Gavilan College Writing Center • Writing Assistants trained to guide you through citing sources and formatting a reference list • Computers available to access research databases • Helpful advice for APA reference books and websites • Schedule an appointment or drop in • Hours: Monday thru Thursday 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM Friday 8:00 AM-1:00 PM

  44. Join Us at Upcoming Workshops!

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