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BL 406 Human & Comparative Anatomy

BL 406 Human & Comparative Anatomy. What is this course about?. Human & Comparative Anatomy Human Focuses on us, humans. Comparative Examines similarities & differences among humans and other vertebrates. Anatomy Tissue or organ level of structure.

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BL 406 Human & Comparative Anatomy

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  1. BL 406Human & Comparative Anatomy

  2. What is this course about? Human & Comparative Anatomy • Human Focuses on us, humans. • Comparative Examines similarities & differences among humans and other vertebrates. • Anatomy Tissue or organ level of structure. It’s basically a hybrid course focused on anatomy as a biological science.

  3. Comparison - Homology • What does it mean to be “the same” thing?

  4. “Modern” Types of Homology • Phylogenetic Homology = Homology of structures among different species. • Sexual Homology = Homology of structures among individuals of different sexes in the same species. • Serial Homology = Homology of structures within an organism. • Developmental Homology = Homology of structures within the same organism over time.

  5. Phylogenetic Homology

  6. Serial Devel. Devel. Sexual Human Serial, Sexual, & Developmental Homology

  7. Inclusive Homology Definition • Homology = similarity due to continuity of biological information or instruction. VanValen, 1984/Hasprunar, 1992 • What is that information? Genes

  8. Evolutionary Misconception • Misconception = Evolution is linearly directed with humans the “highest” organisms. • Common Decent = organisms share geneological descent; evolution = branching; NOT linear • Speciation forms new species (change independently).

  9. Views of Evolution

  10. Diagrams • Phylogenetic tree / Cladogram = Branching diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among species.

  11. Monophyletic Group • Monophyletic group (Clade) = A group composed of an ancestor and all of its descendants; everything an ancestor becomes. • Considered to be a historical individual. • The ONLY taxonomic groups (above species) recognized to be real in this course.

  12. Cladogram

  13. Cladogram Shape • Cladograms can be drawn in many different ways. • The connections between organisms are the data. • Position does NOT infer progress. • Cladograms can be rotated around any node (the information does not change).

  14. A B C D E Cladogram Rotation

  15. Cladogram Rotation A B C E D

  16. Cladogram Rotation A E D B C

  17. A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E Cladogram Style A B C D E A B C D E

  18. Data • Data = Variation among species. • E.g., members of two species may be white and the members of three species may be red. • BOTH red and white are NOT data. • The inferred transformation from white to red or red to white is the datum.

  19. out group A B C D E Outgroup • Outgroup= species or group outside the group being studied. Compare traits in the species studied to the outgroup. To determine which is the “ancestral” trait.

  20. Data • Outgroup species is white suggests... • Outgroup species is red suggests...

  21. 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Phylogeny Reconstruction feathers amnion ureters scales hair Chicken Pigeon Lizard Rat Human Frog-OG

  22. hair feathers scales ureters amnion Phylogeny Reconstruction Chicken Pigeon Lizard Rat Human

  23. Phylogeny Reconstruction hemipenes ear bones epidermal scales amnion legs Snake Lizard Rat Frog Bass Shark-OG 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  24. sc. scales amnion lost hp. hemi- penes amnion Phylogeny Reconstruction mammal snake shark lizard bass frog legs ear bone 8

  25. legs lost legs Phylogeny Reconstruction mammal snake shark lizard bass frog scales hemipenes amnion ear bone 6

  26. Data Matrix 1

  27. Data Matrix 2

  28. How are they related? Aus Bus Cus Dus OUTGROUP

  29. Anatomical Directions Anterior – Posterior Dorsal – Ventral Medial – Lateral Proximal – Distal Also Superficial – Deep

  30. Anatomical Directions Anterior – Posterior Cranial – Caudal Rostral - Caudal Dorsal – Ventral Medial – Lateral Proximal – Distal Also Superficial – Deep

  31. Anatomical Directions Anterior – Posterior Cranial – Caudal Rostral - Caudal Dorsal – Ventral Medial – Lateral Proximal – Distal Also Superficial – Deep

  32. Human Anatomical Directions

  33. Human Anatomy-Cavities

  34. internal jugular common carotid artery external jugular subclavian artery subclavian vein brachio- cephalic vein brachial artery brachial veins brachio- cephalic artery descending aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava renal artery renal vein common iliac artery common iliac vein femoral artery femoral vein

  35. superior vena cava superior vena cava aorta aorta pulmonary trunk pulmonary trunk left atrium right atrium left atrium right atrium left ventricle right ventricle left ventricle right ventricle inferior vena cava inferior vena cava

  36. Masseter sternocleidomastoid Rectus abdominis part of quadriceps

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